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Description: The process of decay and degradation of organic matter under the influence of soil microorganisms. Effect on Soil: Contributes to the formation of humus, which improves soil nutrient content, water retention, and structure.

Description: The accumulation of soluble salts in soil, often as a result of improper irrigation practices or natural evaporation in arid areas. Effect on Soil: Causes increased soil salinity which adversely affects plant growth and can lead to soil degradation.

Description: A complex soil forming process typical for cool and wet climates, involving organic acid leaching of iron and aluminum from surface layers to subsoil. Effect on Soil: Forms distinct soil layers (horizons) with an accumulation of iron and aluminum oxides deeper in the soil profile.

Description: The physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks and minerals at or near Earth's surface. Effect on Soil: Creates fine soil particles and alters mineral composition, influencing soil fertility and structure.