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Soil Fertility Indicators

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Exchangeable Potassium (K) Level

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Determined by atomic absorption spectrometry or flame photometry; important for osmoregulation and activating enzymes.

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Base Saturation Percentage

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Calculated from the CEC and the amounts of major base cations present; it indicates the proportion of soil CEC occupied by key nutrient cations.

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Soil Texture

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Evaluated by feel or particle size analysis (hydrometer method); affects water holding capacity, aeration, and root penetration.

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Micronutrient Levels

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Measured using techniques like DTPA extraction followed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; critical in small quantities for plant health.

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Phosphorus (P) Availability

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Measured by soil test kits using colorimetric methods or spectrometry; essential for energy transfer and root development.

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Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

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Measured in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil; reflects the soil's ability to hold onto essential positively charged ions (cations).

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Electrical Conductivity (EC)

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Measured in dS/m using an EC meter; it quantifies the soil's salinity which can impact plant growth and microorganism activity.

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Soil pH

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Measured using a pH meter or litmus paper; indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the soil, which affects nutrient availability to plants.

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Organic Matter Content

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Measured by loss-on-ignition or wet chemistry methods; signifies the soil's capacity to retain moisture and store nutrients.

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Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO₃-N) Levels

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Measured in mg/kg using soil tests; indicates the immediately available nitrogen in the soil for plant uptake, a crucial nutrient for growth.

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