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Soil texture refers to the proportion of different-sized mineral particles in soil, such as sand, silt, and clay. It influences water retention, aeration, and nutrient availability, making it crucial for plant growth and soil management.

Soil structure is the arrangement of soil particles into aggregates. These aggregates determine the soil's porosity and affect root penetration, water movement, and microbial activity, impacting soil fertility and stability.

Soil erosion is the process of detachment and movement of soil particles by wind, water, or human activity. It can lead to loss of topsoil, reduced soil fertility, and sedimentation in waterways, making it a significant environmental concern.

This is the amount of water that soil can retain against the force of gravity. It is determined by soil texture, structure, and organic matter content. Adequate holding capacity is vital for supplying plants with water and dissolved nutrients.

Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soil, on a scale from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. It affects nutrient availability, metal toxicity, and microbial activity in the soil, thus it is critical for optimal plant growth and soil health.

SOM is composed of plant and animal residues in various stages of decomposition. It is essential for soil fertility, providing nutrients, improving soil structure, increasing water retention, and fostering a healthy microbial ecosystem.