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Prompt treatment with antibiotics, corticosteroids, and supplemental oxygen can help to reduce the severity and duration of exacerbations.

Staying away from smoke, pollution, and other irritants can help reduce COPD symptoms and prevent exacerbations.

Indicated to prevent pneumococcal disease, which can cause respiratory infections that may exacerbate COPD.

Adequate nutrition is essential for maintaining muscle strength and a healthy immune system, both of which are critical in COPD management.

Bullectomy, lung volume reduction surgery, and lung transplantation may be options for selected patients with advanced disease.

Used to treat hypoxemia, it can decrease pulmonary hypertension, reduce the workload on the heart, and improve exercise tolerance and mental functioning.

Continuous or intermittent antibiotic therapy may decrease the frequency of exacerbations in some patients with COPD, particularly those with frequent episodes.

Regular follow-up and monitoring of the disease with spirometry, symptom assessment, and exacerbation history can help guide adjustments in therapy.

Anti-inflammatory drugs that can decrease the frequency and severity of exacerbations and improve the quality of life for patients with COPD.

A phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor that can decrease the frequency of exacerbations in patients with severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis.

Nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline can assist in quitting smoking by reducing withdrawal effects and the urge to smoke.

Recommended annually to reduce the risk of flu-related exacerbations of COPD, which can be severe and lead to hospitalization or death.

The single most effective way to slow the progression of COPD. It reduces respiratory symptoms and improves lung function.

Educating patients about their condition, treatment options, and the importance of adherence to prescribed therapies can improve outcomes.

Proper inhaler technique is crucial for the medication to reach the lungs effectively, hence regular review and education on technique is needed.

A multidisciplinary program designed to improve the physical and psychological condition of patients with COPD and to promote long-term adherence to health-enhancing behaviors.

Medications such as beta2-agonists or anticholinergics that relax the muscles around the airways to improve airflow and make breathing easier.

Focused on relieving symptoms, improving quality of life and providing support to patients with advanced COPD and their families.

A test used to diagnose and monitor COPD by measuring the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled.

A form of mechanical ventilation that reduces the work of breathing, improves gas exchange, and can decrease the need for intubation.