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Purpose is to remove fluid from the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural space) for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons. It measures the characteristics of the pleural fluid.

Purpose is to directly visualize the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It can measure lesions or collect biopsy samples.

Purpose is to visualize lungs and chest structures to detect conditions like pneumonia, tuberculosis, or lung cancer. It measures the density of lung tissues and air spaces.

Purpose is to diagnose bacterial infection or other lung issues by analyzing sputum (mucus from the lungs) under laboratory conditions. It measures the presence of pathogens.

Purpose is to assess gas exchange and acid-base balance by measuring levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in arterial blood. It may indicate respiratory or metabolic issues.

Purpose is to estimate the oxygen saturation level of the blood non-invasively, which helps in assessing respiratory function. It measures the percentage of hemoglobin bound to oxygen.

Purpose is to screen for tuberculosis by introducing a small amount of tuberculin into the skin and measuring the body's immune response in the form of a skin reaction.

Purpose is to measure airflow into and out of the lungs to assess for obstructive or restrictive lung diseases. It measures parameters like Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1).

Purpose is to identify hyperreactivity of the airways, which helps in diagnosing asthma. It measures lung function in response to inhalation of a medication that causes airway narrowing.

Purpose is to provide a more detailed cross-sectional image of the lungs and chest than a standard X-ray to identify structures and pathologies such as tumors or emboli. Measures variations in tissue density.

Purpose is to evaluate lung function and capacity using a variety of tests including spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusing capacity. It measures multiple aspects of respiratory function.

Purpose is to assess the pulmonary and cardiovascular response to physical stress. It measures lung function, oxygen usage, and heart rate during exercise.

Purpose is to visualize pulmonary structures and soft tissues without ionizing radiation, using magnetic fields and radio waves. It measures the response of atoms to magnetic field changes and can show blood flow.

Purpose is to diagnose sleep disorders that can impact breathing, such as sleep apnea. It measures various parameters including airflow, blood oxygen levels, heart rate, and sleep stages.