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Pleural Effusion Analysis
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Amylase level
Normal: Same as serum amylase level. Abnormal: Elevated amylase may indicate esophageal rupture, pancreatitis, or malignant effusion.
Culture and sensitivity
Normal: No growth. Abnormal: Growth of bacteria indicates infection, necessitating antibiotics tailored to the sensitivities.
Protein content
Normal: < 2 g/dL. Abnormal: High protein > 3 g/dL suggests exudative effusion.
Cholesterol level
Normal: < 45 mg/dL. Abnormal: Elevated cholesterol can help diagnose exudative effusions.
Volume
Normal: 10-20 ml. Abnormal: Excessive volume may indicate pleural effusion.
pH
Normal: 7.60-7.64. Abnormal: Low pH < 7.30 suggests empyema or pleural infection.
Cell count and differential
Normal: predominantly mesothelial cells. Abnormal: Elevated white cells, especially neutrophils or eosinophils may indicate infection or air/blood in the pleural space.
Appearance
Normal: clear. Abnormal: turbid, bloody, or milky may indicate infection, hemothorax, or chylothorax.
LDH level
Normal: < 200 U/L. Abnormal: High LDH > 200 U/L suggests exudative effusion.
Glucose level
Normal: similar to blood glucose levels. Abnormal: Low glucose < 60 mg/dL may indicate rheumatoid pleurisy or bacterial infection.
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