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Older patients often have a higher risk of surgical complications due to a general decline in physiological reserves and potential presence of comorbid conditions.

Obesity increases surgical risk through associated comorbidities like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and an increased likelihood of postoperative complications (e.g., infections, wound healing problems).

Smoking can impair wound healing, increase the risk of respiratory complications, and negatively impact cardiovascular health, leading to a higher risk of complications during and after surgery.

Poor nutritional status can weaken immune response, impair wound healing, and increase the risk of infection, all of which can negatively influence surgical outcomes.

Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to liver dysfunction, increased bleeding risks, and can cause withdrawal symptoms postoperatively, complicating recovery.

Diabetes increases the risk of infection, may lead to poorer wound healing, and can complicate the management of blood glucose levels around the time of surgery.

Patients with cardiovascular disease are at a higher risk for cardiac events during and after surgery, and may experience difficulties with anesthesia and fluid management.

Uncontrolled high blood pressure can increase the risk of bleeding, cardiac events, and stroke during surgery, and can impact the choice and management of anesthesia.

Pre-existing lung conditions such as COPD can increase the risk of respiratory failure, pneumonia, and prolonged mechanical ventilation post surgery.

Impaired kidney function can lead to difficulties in fluid and electrolyte balance, increased risk of postoperative kidney injury, and problems with medication elimination.

Abnormal blood clotting can lead to increased risk of bleeding or thrombosis, affecting surgical technique and necessitating careful postoperative monitoring.

Immunocompromised patients have an increased risk of infections and may have a delayed healing process due to a weakened immune system.

Previous operations, especially in the same area, can increase the risk of adhesions and technical difficulties during repeat surgeries.

Certain medications, like antiplatelets or anticoagulants, increase the risk of perioperative bleeding, while others can interact with anesthetic agents.

A history of adverse reactions to anesthesia can increase the risk of complications and influences the choice of anesthetic technique and agents for future surgeries.

Stress, anxiety, and depression can affect recovery, compliance with postoperative care, and the overall surgery experience.

Long-term steroid use can impact immune function, wound healing, and blood sugar control, possibly increasing the risk of infection and other complications.

OSA increases the risk of postoperative respiratory complications, including hypoxemia and airway obstruction, and may affect pain management due to opiate sensitivity.

Deficiencies in essential nutrients can impair tissue repair, immune response, and contribute to a higher susceptibility to infection.

Liver dysfunction can alter the metabolism of drugs, affect coagulation, and lead to an increased risk of bleeding and postoperative liver decompensation.

Autoimmune conditions may necessitate special perioperative management, increase the risk of infection, and affect wound healing due to immune dysregulation.

Anemia can lead to decreased oxygen carrying capacity, resulting in increased risk of perioperative morbidity, and necessitates careful consideration regarding blood transfusions.

Both extremes of BMI can increase surgical risk due to potential nutritional status issues, dosing challenges with medication and anesthesia, and increased difficulty in surgical technique.

A known family history of complications such as malignant hyperthermia can increase the risk of similar reactions and should guide anesthetic choices.

This is a scoring system used to estimate the risk of cardiac complications after surgery based on factors like age, history of MI, and type of surgery.

Patients carrying or infected with multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) like MRSA or VRE have a higher risk of postoperative infections and may require isolation and additional precautions.

Abnormal electrolyte levels can cause complications such as cardiac arrhythmias and neurological disturbances, affecting perioperative management and recovery.

Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can lead to significant metabolic complications, impact cardiovascular stability, and influence the response to anesthetic drugs.

Patients with a history of DVT or PE are at increased risk for recurrence and may require specific prophylactic measures to prevent thrombotic events around the time of surgery.