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Transplant Surgery Basics

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Xenograft

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A transplant of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor of one species to a recipient of another species. This concept is explored in heart valves from pigs.

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Allograft

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A transplant of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically nonidentical donor of the same species. Types include kidney, liver, and heart transplants.

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Deceased Donor

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An organ donation from a person who has been declared brain dead but whose organs are still functioning. Impacts heart, kidney, lung, and liver transplants.

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Transplant Ethics

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The moral principles that affect transplantation policies and practices, such as allocation of organs, informed consent, and donor compensation. Concerns all types of transplants.

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Bridge to Transplant

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A temporary treatment given to patients awaiting organ transplantation, such as ventricular assist devices for heart transplant candidates. Aims to stabilize the patient until a donor organ is available.

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Cold Ischemia Time

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The time that an organ is cooled with a preservative solution after being removed from the donor and before it is transplanted. Pivotal in heart and lung transplants.

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Organ Rejection

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The recipient's immune system attacks the transplanted organ or tissue. It is a concern in allografts and xenografts.

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HLA Matching

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Human Leukocyte Antigen matching involves comparing the donor's and recipient's HLA markers to predict the risk of rejection, primarily in allografts.

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Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD)

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A complication where transplanted donor cells attack the recipient's body; most often associated with bone marrow transplants.

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ABO Incompatible Transplant

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A transplant where the donor and recipient have different blood types. New techniques allow for this in some kidney transplants.

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Autograft

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A transplant of tissue from one part of the body to another part of the same individual's body. It applies to skin grafts and bone grafts commonly.

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Living Donor

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A live individual donates a transplantable organ or part of one, such as a kidney or a liver lobe. Enables planned surgeries and reduces waiting times.

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Immunosuppression

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Use of medications to reduce the immune response and prevent organ rejection. Applies to allografts and sometimes xenografts.

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Donor Specific Antibody (DSA)

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Antibodies formed by the recipient against the HLA molecules of the graft donor, which can lead to rejection. Commonly associated with kidney and heart allografts.

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Cadaveric Donor

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Refers to a deceased donor from whom organs or tissues are harvested for transplantation. Affects organ supply for most transplant types.

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Transplant Pharmacist

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A pharmacist specializing in managing medications before and after transplant surgery, ensuring proper dosing and monitoring for side effects. Crucial in all allograft transplants.

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Immunological Tolerance

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A state where the recipient's immune system does not attack the donor's organ or tissue. Aimed for in all transplants, especially in allografts and xenografts.

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Warm Ischemia Time

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The duration when an organ remains at body temperature after blood supply has been cut off, but before it is cooled or transplanted. Critical in kidney and liver transplants.

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Conditioning Regimen

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A treatment given to prepare the recipient's body for a transplant, such as chemotherapy or radiation before a bone marrow transplant. Essential to achieving engraftment in stem cell transplants.

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Kidney Paired Donation (KPD)

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A transplant option for candidates with a living donor who is medically suitable but not compatible, where two or more donor-recipient pairs are matched for a swap. Increases chances of compatible living donor transplants.

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Engraftment

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The successful take and function of the graft or transplant in the host body. It is critical in bone marrow and stem cell transplants.

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Panel Reactive Antibody (PRA)

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The level of sensitization of a transplant candidate to potential donors, measured as a percentage. High PRA increases the difficulty of finding a compatible donor, notably in kidney transplants.

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Immune Desensitization

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A process that reduces the recipient's antibody levels before transplantation to prevent rejection. This is used in ABO incompatible and positive crossmatch kidney transplants.

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Transplant Tourism

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Traveling to another country for the purpose of receiving an organ transplant, often because of the shortage of organs in one's own country. Raises ethical and health concerns.

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Crossmatch Test

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A blood test to check if the recipient has antibodies against the donor's antigens. Critical in kidney and sometimes heart transplants.

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Split Liver Transplantation

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A technique where a liver from a deceased donor is divided into two parts for transplantation into two recipients. Optimizes the use of available organs.

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Isograft

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A transplant between two genetically identical individuals, like identical twins. This is rare and applies to very few types of transplants like kidney or bone marrow.

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Transplant Rejection Prophylaxis

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The prevention strategies employed to protect against transplant rejection, including immunosuppressive medications. Essential in preventing rejection in allografts.

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Transplant Coordinator

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A healthcare professional who manages the care of transplant patients and coordinates the transplant process. Integral team member for all types of transplants.

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