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Confucianism: The Five Classics
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The Book of Songs (Shijing)
The Book of Songs is a collection of 305 poems and hymns that depict Chinese life and the early Zhou Dynasty. It is important in Confucianism for its literary qualities and moral insights.
The Book of Documents (Shujing)
This classic is a compilation of speeches, historical narratives, and political discourses from the early Zhou and earlier dynasties. It provides models of how leaders should govern, making it a cornerstone in the study of Confucian political philosophy.
The Book of Changes (I Ching or Yijing)
As one of the oldest of the Chinese classics, this text is a manual of divination based on eight symbolic trigrams and 64 hexagrams. Its philosophy underpins Confucianism and Taoism, with its focus on balance and adaptability in the face of change.
The Record of Rites (Liji)
This compilation of texts on the rites and ceremonies of the Zhou Dynasty is seen as a guideline for social conduct, proper behavior and rituals in Confucian society. It helps maintain social harmony by defining hierarchical roles.
The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu)
The Spring and Autumn Annals is a historical record of the reign of the State of Lu, Confucius’s native state, from 722–481 BCE. It is not just a historical account but also serves as a teaching tool for moral lessons through the actions of historical figures.
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