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Confucianism: The Five Classics

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The Book of Songs (Shijing)

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The Book of Songs is a collection of 305 poems and hymns that depict Chinese life and the early Zhou Dynasty. It is important in Confucianism for its literary qualities and moral insights.

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The Book of Documents (Shujing)

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This classic is a compilation of speeches, historical narratives, and political discourses from the early Zhou and earlier dynasties. It provides models of how leaders should govern, making it a cornerstone in the study of Confucian political philosophy.

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The Book of Changes (I Ching or Yijing)

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As one of the oldest of the Chinese classics, this text is a manual of divination based on eight symbolic trigrams and 64 hexagrams. Its philosophy underpins Confucianism and Taoism, with its focus on balance and adaptability in the face of change.

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The Record of Rites (Liji)

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This compilation of texts on the rites and ceremonies of the Zhou Dynasty is seen as a guideline for social conduct, proper behavior and rituals in Confucian society. It helps maintain social harmony by defining hierarchical roles.

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The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu)

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The Spring and Autumn Annals is a historical record of the reign of the State of Lu, Confucius’s native state, from 722–481 BCE. It is not just a historical account but also serves as a teaching tool for moral lessons through the actions of historical figures.

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