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Logical and analytical philosophy, founded by Sage Gautama Akṣapāda. Focuses on knowledge gained through reasoning and the four sources of valid knowledge: perception, inference, comparison, and testimony.

Dualistic school of Vedanta, proposed by Madhvacharya. Differentiates between individual soul (Atman) and ultimate reality (Brahman), claiming an eternal distinction between the two, and that liberation is achieved through devotion and grace of God.

Ritualistic philosophy originally focused on interpreting Vedic texts, founded by Sage Jaimini. Emphasizes 'Karma Kanda', the portion of the Vedas dealing with rituals and actions, advocating for Dharma through adherence to duties and rituals.

Dualistic philosophy attributed to Sage Kapila. It posits two ultimate realities: Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (matter), with liberation coming from the realization of the distinction between the two.

Philosophical school emphasizing the importance of meditation and ethics, associated with Patanjali. The aim is to achieve spiritual liberation through an eightfold path (Ashtanga Yoga) that includes ethical disciplines, postures, breath control, sensory withdrawal, concentration, and meditation.

Philosophical system interpreting the Upanishads, advocating different paths to self-realization and ultimate reality (Brahman). Founders and proponents include Adi Shankaracharya (Advaita Vedanta), Ramanuja (Vishishtadvaita Vedanta), and Madhva (Dvaita Vedanta).

Atomistic and pluralistic philosophy, founded by Sage Kanada. Proposes that everything can be reduced to a finite number of atoms and reality is composed of nine substances including earth, water, light, air, ether, time, space, soul, and mind.

Non-dualistic school of Vedanta explained in detail by Adi Shankaracharya. Holds that the individual soul (Atman) and ultimate reality (Brahman) are one and the same, and liberation (Moksha) is obtained by realizing this oneness.

Qualified non-dualistic school of Vedanta put forth by Ramanuja. Suggests the soul, although distinct, is inseparable from the ultimate reality (Brahman), which possesses all individual souls and matter as its attributes or modes.