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Eastern Philosophy Key Terms

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Zen

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A school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition rather than ritual worship or the study of scriptures.

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Samsara

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The cycle of death and rebirth to which life in the material world is bound. The concept is found in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.

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Nirvana

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In Buddhism, it is the ultimate spiritual goal, the state of liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth.

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Ahimsa

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The principle of non-violence toward all living beings, central to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.

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Four Noble Truths

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These are the core teachings of Buddhism that diagnose the nature of suffering and prescribe the method to extinguish it.

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Atman

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The spiritual life principle of the universe, especially when regarded as inherent in the real self of the individual in Hinduism.

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Brahman

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In Hindu philosophy, the ultimate reality or universal substance which is the source of all physical and spiritual existence.

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I Ching

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An ancient Chinese divination text and among the oldest of the Chinese classics, consisting of sixty-four hexagrams and their interpretations.

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Confucius

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An influential Chinese philosopher who lived during the 6th century BCE and whose teachings emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, and sincerity.

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Yin and Yang

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Two principles, one negative, dark, and feminine (Yin) and one positive, bright, and masculine (Yang), whose interaction influences the destinies of creatures and things.

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Non-attachment

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The practice of letting go of desires and possessions, often associated with the path to enlightenment in various Eastern philosophies.

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Sunyata

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The Buddhist teaching of emptiness, meaning that all phenomena are devoid of intrinsic existence and that nothing possesses essential, enduring identity.

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Moksha

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In Hinduism and Jainism, it is the liberation from the cycle of samsara and a transcendence to a state beyond suffering.

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Satori

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In Zen Buddhism, a sudden enlightenment and a state of consciousness attained by intuitive illumination representing the spiritual goal.

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Vedas

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A large body of religious texts originating in ancient India, forming the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.

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Laozi

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An ancient Chinese philosopher and writer, considered the founder of Taoism and traditionally the author of the 'Tao Te Ching'.

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Dharma

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In Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, it represents the cosmic law and order but also pertains to the ethical duty based on the individual's role in society.

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Feng Shui

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A Chinese philosophical system of harmonizing everyone with the surrounding environment through design and layout.

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Tao (Dao)

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A concept in Taoism representing the fundamental or true nature of the world, simple in its complexity and complex in its simplicity.

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Eightfold Path

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In Buddhism, a practical guideline to ethical and mental development with the goal of freeing the individual from attachments and delusions.

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Karma

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The sum of a person's actions and their ethical consequences determine the future experiences of the individual, relevant in various Indian religions.

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Bodhisattva

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In Mahayana Buddhism, a person who is on the path towards Buddhahood and delays their own nirvana to help others achieve enlightenment.

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Mandala

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A spiritual and ritual symbol representing the universe in Hinduism and Buddhism, typically in the form of a circle enclosing a square with a deity on each side.

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Qi (Chi)

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A vital force forming part of any living entity in Chinese philosophy and medicine, correlating with the energy flow of the universe.

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Sutra

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A type of literary genre found in Indian religious teaching literature, encompassing a diverse collection of aphoristic texts and scriptures.

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