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Existentialism and Religion
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Søren Kierkegaard - Knight of Faith
Illustrates the individual who has placed complete trust in himself and in God facing the absurd, which Kierkegaard exemplified with the biblical story of Abraham.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Proclaimed 'God is dead' to highlight the decline of Christianity's influence and the rise of secularization, emphasizing the need for a reevaluation of all values.
Emmanuel Levinas
Ethical philosophy centered on the other, and the face-to-face relationship as a primary site of the divine, challenging traditional notions of self and autonomy.
Rudolf Bultmann
Theologian known for demythologizing the New Testament, trying to interpret Christian faith in terms that could be understood in a modern existential way.
Martin Heidegger
Philosophically analyzed the concept of 'Being' and its relationship with anxiety, finitude, and authenticity without direct reference to religious belief.
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Although not formally a philosopher, his literature explored existential themes such as free will, suffering, and the search for faith.
Jean-Paul Sartre
An atheist existentialist who believed that humans are condemned to be free and bear the weight of defining themselves in a godless universe.
Miguel de Unamuno
His work delves into the human struggle for faith and immortality, especially in his concept of the tragic sense of life.
Edith Stein
Catholic phenomenologist who explored the intersection of phenomenology and Christian faith, including issues of empathy and the soul's relationship to the body.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Argued for a 'religionless Christianity', focusing on the concept of a living Christ and the lived experience of faith in the world.
Paul Ricoeur
His hermeneutics applied existential philosophy to religious texts, emphasizing the role of interpretation in understanding human existence.
Martin Buber
Jewish philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, which focuses on the relationship with the Other and with God as an 'eternal Thou'.
Gabriel Marcel
Christian existentialist who focused on themes of hope, fidelity, and the human person as a mystery, rejecting the scientific view of humans as objects.
Karl Jaspers
Developed the concept of 'philosophical faith', which stands in contrast to dogmatic religion and emphasizes existential communication.
Albert Camus
Focused on the Absurd—humanity's quest for meaning in a meaninglessness universe—and considered the leap of faith a philosophical suicide.
Søren Kierkegaard
The father of existentialism, emphasized the importance of personal choice and commitment, and believed in a subjective truth that is rooted in faith.
Paul Tillich
Argued that God is not a being but the ground of being itself and that faith is 'ultimate concern' in the face of existential doubt.
Simone de Beauvoir
Explored how existentialism views freedom and responsibility, looking at ethical implications of our actions in a godless world.
Lev Shestov
Russian existentialist who critiqued rationalism and scientism, emphasizing the need for a personal, passionate approach to faith.
Jean Wahl
Introduced many French readers to existentialism while focusing on the diversity of existential thought and its resistance to systematic philosophy.
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