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Existentialism and Religion

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Søren Kierkegaard - Knight of Faith

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Illustrates the individual who has placed complete trust in himself and in God facing the absurd, which Kierkegaard exemplified with the biblical story of Abraham.

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Friedrich Nietzsche

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Proclaimed 'God is dead' to highlight the decline of Christianity's influence and the rise of secularization, emphasizing the need for a reevaluation of all values.

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Emmanuel Levinas

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Ethical philosophy centered on the other, and the face-to-face relationship as a primary site of the divine, challenging traditional notions of self and autonomy.

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Rudolf Bultmann

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Theologian known for demythologizing the New Testament, trying to interpret Christian faith in terms that could be understood in a modern existential way.

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Martin Heidegger

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Philosophically analyzed the concept of 'Being' and its relationship with anxiety, finitude, and authenticity without direct reference to religious belief.

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Fyodor Dostoevsky

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Although not formally a philosopher, his literature explored existential themes such as free will, suffering, and the search for faith.

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Jean-Paul Sartre

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An atheist existentialist who believed that humans are condemned to be free and bear the weight of defining themselves in a godless universe.

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Miguel de Unamuno

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His work delves into the human struggle for faith and immortality, especially in his concept of the tragic sense of life.

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Edith Stein

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Catholic phenomenologist who explored the intersection of phenomenology and Christian faith, including issues of empathy and the soul's relationship to the body.

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Dietrich Bonhoeffer

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Argued for a 'religionless Christianity', focusing on the concept of a living Christ and the lived experience of faith in the world.

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Paul Ricoeur

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His hermeneutics applied existential philosophy to religious texts, emphasizing the role of interpretation in understanding human existence.

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Martin Buber

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Jewish philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, which focuses on the relationship with the Other and with God as an 'eternal Thou'.

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Gabriel Marcel

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Christian existentialist who focused on themes of hope, fidelity, and the human person as a mystery, rejecting the scientific view of humans as objects.

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Karl Jaspers

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Developed the concept of 'philosophical faith', which stands in contrast to dogmatic religion and emphasizes existential communication.

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Albert Camus

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Focused on the Absurd—humanity's quest for meaning in a meaninglessness universe—and considered the leap of faith a philosophical suicide.

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Søren Kierkegaard

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The father of existentialism, emphasized the importance of personal choice and commitment, and believed in a subjective truth that is rooted in faith.

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Paul Tillich

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Argued that God is not a being but the ground of being itself and that faith is 'ultimate concern' in the face of existential doubt.

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Simone de Beauvoir

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Explored how existentialism views freedom and responsibility, looking at ethical implications of our actions in a godless world.

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Lev Shestov

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Russian existentialist who critiqued rationalism and scientism, emphasizing the need for a personal, passionate approach to faith.

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Jean Wahl

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Introduced many French readers to existentialism while focusing on the diversity of existential thought and its resistance to systematic philosophy.

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