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Argued that God's existence cannot be proven and that religious beliefs are based on practical reason rather than theoretical reason.

Developed process theology, which posits that God and the universe are in a process of ongoing change and development.

Promoted the concept of élan vital, a creative force underlying life and evolution, and its implications for understanding religion and mysticism.

Criticized the traditional arguments for the existence of God, particularly the design and causal arguments, and was skeptical about religious knowledge.

Revolutionized Protestant theology with his emphasis on the sovereignty of the divine and the concept of 'revelation' as the primary form of knowledge of God.

Argued for the existence of a necessary being and developed the principle of sufficient reason; also offered a theodicy explaining the coexistence of God and evil.

A Muslim philosopher who emphasized Sufi mysticism and defended the faith against philosophers, upholding the necessity of revelation and the limitations of reason.

Advocated for the notion of Reformed epistemology which posits that belief in God can be rational without evidence and developed the modal ontological argument.

His work made significant contributions to the philosophy of religion through his interpretation of religious symbols and myths.

Developed the concept of religious pluralism and the idea of the 'Real' as the ultimate transcendent truth behind all religions.

Argued that God is a projection of human thoughts and desires, and that theology is essentially anthropology.

Her historical work explores the diverse expressions of Christian theology in early Christianity, especially with regards to Gnostic texts.

Focuses on the intersection of religion, race, and justice, advocating for a prophetic pragmatism.

Founded Neoplatonism, a major school of Hellenistic philosophy, with his teachings on the One, the intellect, and the soul.

Developed the Five Ways to argue for the existence of God, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology.

Presented the famous Pascal's Wager, arguing that it is rational to live as if God exists because of the potential benefits outweighing the costs.

Explored the concept of the 'leap of faith', the subjective nature of truth, and the importance of personal commitment to God.

Proclaimed the 'death of God' and envisioned the rise of nihilism and the Übermensch as a response.

A Muslim philosopher who argued for the compatibility of religion and philosophy, maintaining that truth cannot contradict truth.

Though primarily an existentialist philosopher, he addressed the implications of existentialism on religious belief, focusing on human freedom and the absence of a pre-defined essence.

Focused on the concept of 'decreation' to describe the process of decreasing oneself to let the presence of God shine through.

Proposed a pantheistic view of God with his concept of 'Deus sive Natura' (God or Nature), suggesting that everything is a manifestation of a single divine substance.

A Jewish philosopher who articulated the concept of negative theology, which posits that God can only be described by what He is not.

Proposed the concept of God as the 'Ground of Being' and spoke of 'ultimate concern' as the essence of religious faith.

Defends the existence of God through inductive, probabilistic arguments and the principle of simplicity.

Proposed the ontological argument for the existence of God, suggesting that God is 'that than which nothing greater can be conceived'.

Defended the right to believe in religious matters via 'The Will to Believe', asserting that belief in God is a 'live, forced, and momentous' option.

Known for his contributions to Christian realism and the Serenity Prayer; emphasized the persistent problem of sin and grace in human history.

Discusses the concept of post-secular society and the continued relevance of religious discourse in the public sphere of a rational society.