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Proponents of the existence of miracles see them as signs of divine intervention, often corroborated by religious faith or testimonial evidence. Skeptics argue from a scientific perspective, emphasizing the need for empirical evidence and regarding miraculous claims as scientifically implausible or unverifiable.

Advocates for the validity of religious experiences claim such events provide direct personal evidence of the divine, citing mystical encounters or transformative moments. Critics challenge these experiences as subjective, often offering psychological or neurological explanations for these phenomena.

Ethical debates concerning biotechnology and human enhancement often involve discussions of playing God, natural law, and the pursuit of perfection. Religious and philosophical arguments differ on the acceptability of manipulating human nature, with some urging caution or outright rejection, while others endorse scientific progress and enhancement.

The 'God of the Gaps' argument posits that gaps in scientific knowledge can be explained by divine intervention. Critics of this argument, both religious and secular, argue that it undermines religious faith by tying it to the constantly changing landscape of scientific understanding.

There are several models for understanding the relationship between science and religion, including conflict, independence, dialogue, and integration. Philosophers, theologians, and scientists advocate for different models based on their interpretations of how science and religious belief interact or ought to interact.

Religious pluralism acknowledges the validity of multiple religious traditions, while scientific universalism asserts the same fundamental scientific truths for all. This debate explores whether these approaches are compatible or in conflict, especially in terms of truth claims and worldviews.

While some argue that science can ultimately explain all aspects of human existence, including existential questions, others maintain that religion and philosophy provide essential insights into meaning and purpose that are outside the purview of empirical science.

Proponents of Intelligent Design argue it is a legitimate scientific theory offering an alternative to evolutionary explanations, positing the action of a designer. Critics, including many in the scientific community, argue it's a form of creationism lacking empirical support and not adhering to scientific method.

Stephen Jay Gould proposed that science and religion each represent different areas of inquiry (magisteria) that do not overlap. While some find this conciliatory approach appealing, others argue it oversimplifies complex interactions and delineations between scientific and religious claims.

The Anthropic Principle suggests that the universe appears fine-tuned for life because observers like us are here to observe it. Some interpret this as evidence of design by a higher power, while others argue for a multiverse or naturalistic explanations that dispense with the need for a designer.

Some contend that consciousness is a material phenomenon that can be explained by neuroscience and cognitive science, while others argue that consciousness has a non-material, spiritual aspect that eludes scientific explanation, raising questions about materialism, dualism, and the limits of scientific understanding.

Many religious traditions posit an immortal soul that defines a person's essence, whereas scientific perspectives often regard the 'soul' as an emergent property of brain processes, leading to debates over mind-body dualism versus physicalism.

The concept of transcendence relates to experiences or realities that go beyond the physical world. Scientifically-oriented thinkers advocate understanding transcendence through psychological or social constructs, whereas religious individuals may interpret transcendence as evidence of the divine or spiritual realms.

Supporters of Creationism argue for a literal interpretation of religious texts and divine creation, while Evolutionists support the scientific theory of natural selection and common descent. These discussions often hinge on beliefs about the nature of evidence, the role of faith versus empirical inquiry, and the meaning of religious texts.

This debate explores if divine foreknowledge is compatible with human free will. Theists who uphold free will might advocate for theories like Open Theism or Molinism, whereas determinists deny that free will exists at all, based on both theological and scientific reasoning.

Religious perspectives on environmental issues often involve stewardship or dominion theology, framing humanity's role as protectors or managers of Earth. Secular environmentalism tends to be grounded in sustainability and ethical considerations regarding future generations, producing some convergence but also differing motivations and interpretations.

The conflict thesis posits an inherent conflict between religion and science. Religious thinkers tend to advocate for a more harmonious or integrated view, whereas proponents of scientific materialism see science as the ultimate arbiter of truth, often rejecting non-materialist explanations or metaphysics.

This debate centers on whether morality is derived from religious principles or can be grounded in secular humanistic or naturalistic terms. Theists may argue for divine command theory, while secularists often rely on ethical theories like consequentialism or deontology independent of religious doctrine.

Scientism is the view that science is the ultimate authority on all aspects of knowledge and reality. In response, some propose the idea of theistic science, which inhabits a methodological framework that allows for divine action. Critics argue that theistic science compromises scientific integrity and objectivity.