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Philosophies of Death and Afterlife
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Christianity
Belief in an eternal afterlife, either in Heaven or Hell, based on one's earthly life and faith in Jesus Christ.
Platonism
The soul is immortal and enters the body at birth, with death releasing it to an afterlife with rewards or punishments based on life's actions.
Stoicism
Most Stoics believed the soul was mortal and perished with the body; some thought the soul survived until the eventual conflagration of the cosmos.
Shintoism
The afterlife is not a primary focus, but beliefs include joining ancestral spirits and becoming kami after death.
Confucianism
Focus is on ethical living with less emphasis on an afterlife; ancestral veneration is important.
Ancient Egyptian Religion
Belief in an elaborate journey to the afterlife, with eternal life dependent on a moral life and proper burial rites.
Islam
Belief in a day of judgment which determines whether one will spend eternity in Paradise or Hell.
Existentialism
While diverse, existentialists typically emphasize individual existence and choice, with uncertainty about an afterlife.
Atheism
Most atheists believe that death is the end of existence, with no conscious afterlife.
Taoism
Beliefs vary, some envision an afterlife with heavenly realms or immortality through alignment with the Tao.
Sikhism
Belief in a cycle of rebirth which is escaped through meditation on God and righteous living, merging with God in the afterlife.
Judaism
Varied beliefs ranging from resurrection at the end of days to the possibility of an afterlife in the World to Come (Olam Ha-Ba).
Wicca
Belief in reincarnation and an afterlife known as the Summerland, where souls rest before being reincarnated.
Secular Humanism
Death is viewed as the end of individual existence, with focus on meaning and ethics during life rather than an afterlife.
Hinduism
Belief in a cycle of rebirth, or samsara, governed by karma; soul (atman) eventually aims to merge with the absolute (Brahman).
Zoroastrianism
Belief in the separation of good and evil after death, with souls being led to Heaven or Hell based on their deeds.
Jainism
The soul is trapped in a cycle of rebirth (samsara) which can be escaped through living a life of non-violence and righteousness.
Neo-Platonism
Continues Platonic thought with an emphasis on the One and the soul's journey to return to it after death.
Buddhism
Belief in samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth, ultimately aiming for nirvana to escape the cycle.
Epicureanism
Death is the end of both the body and the soul; there is no conscious afterlife to fear or anticipate.
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