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Shaped Christian doctrine with ideas such as original sin and just war theory.

Proposed a pantheistic view of God, equating God with the universe.

Developed the doctrine of predestination and helped shape Protestant theology.

Traditionally credited with writing the 'Tao Te Ching' and founding philosophical Taoism.

Emphasized the limits of human knowledge and the role of moral duty in religious belief.

Explored religious experience from a pragmatic and psychological perspective.

His teachings on morality, social relationships, and justice have deeply influenced East Asian culture and religious thought.

Challenged traditional religious beliefs and morality with ideas like the 'Death of God'.

Defined religion as 'ultimate concern' and integrated existentialist ideas with Christian thought.

Focused on the concept of 'decreation' to describe the Christian journey towards God.

Emphasized 'religionless Christianity' and lived out his faith in resistance to Nazi totalitarianism.

Founder of Islam, conveyed the teachings of the Quran which shapes Islamic belief and practice.

Described the concept of the 'numinous' as an experience of the holy, mysterious, and fascinating.

Synthesized Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology in his 'Summa Theologica'.

As the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, he promotes messages of compassion and peace.

Pioneered existentialist thought, focusing on individual faith and the concept of the 'leap of faith'.

Introduced the concepts of monotheism, heaven and hell, and free will, influencing Abrahamic religions.

Regarded as a prophet in Abrahamic religions and credited with receiving the Ten Commandments.

Developed the Theory of Forms, which has influenced concepts of the soul and immortality in religious thought.

Initiated the Protestant Reformation, challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.

Founded Sikhism, emphasizing the unity of God, equality and community service.

Introduced the concept of the 'Unmoved Mover', a foundational idea in classical theism.

Viewed religion as the 'opium of the people' and a reflection of materialistic societal structures.

Promoted non-violent resistance based on Hindu principles, affecting civil and religious liberties.