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The challenge of reconciling the existence of evil with an omnipotent, omnibenevolent and omniscient God. It raises questions about God's nature and the purpose of suffering.

Questions why a loving God would remain hidden and not provide clear evidence of existence, challenging the relationship between faith and reason.

Poses a dilemma about whether moral goodness is commanded by God because it's inherently good, or if it's good because God commands it, prompting questions about God's role in morality.

Examines the credibility and definition of miracles and their role as evidence for the divine, also addressing their compatibility with natural laws.

A paradox that questions the nature of God's omnipotence, using examples such as 'Can God create a stone so heavy that even He cannot lift it?' to explore the limits of divine power.

Explores the tension between holding religious beliefs based on faith and seeking evidence or reasoned arguments to support them, affecting how believers justify their beliefs.

The principle that observes the fine-tuning of the universe to support life as possible evidence for a designer, but raises questions about our understanding of probability and necessity.

Considers challenges in communicating and interpreting the nature of divine or sacred entities, questioning the meaningfulness and truth of religious statements.

An argument that posits faith in God as a 'bet' with potentially infinite reward, touching on the prudential rather than evidential reasons for belief.

Challenges exclusive truth claims of individual religions in light of the diversity of world religions, affecting beliefs about salvation and revelation.

Debates about the discrepancies between scientific explanations and religious doctrines, impacting views on creation, divine intervention, and the interpretation of sacred texts.

The debate about the compatibility of free will with an all-knowing deity, which has implications for personal responsibility and divine foreknowledge.

A philosophy that emphasizes human values without recourse to the divine, posing a challenge to religious worldviews on the basis of ethics and human flourishing.

A viewpoint that doubts or challenges the truth of religious claims, inviting believers to critically examine the grounds of their faith.

A philosophical movement emphasizing individual existence and freedom, which questions religious doctrines that prescribe a predetermined human nature or purpose.

A broad skepticism about grand narratives and absolute truths, including those offered by religion, emphasizing cultural context and relativism.

A metaphysical argument for God's existence based on the concept of God as a necessarily existing being, but faced with critiques about defining things into existence.

Argues from design and purpose in the world to the existence of a designer (God), but is challenged by alternative explanations such as evolution.

The study of the neural correlates of religious experience and belief, raising questions about the origin of religious experiences and their objective reality.