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Marx's theory of social change is centered on the concept of dialectical materialism, where history progresses through a series of conflicts between opposing classes, leading to the collapse of capitalism and the emergence of a classless communist society.

Weber's theory of social change focuses on the role of ideas, ideologies, and charismatic leaders in shaping societal transformations, particularly the impact of Protestant ethic on the development of capitalism.

Durkheim's theory posits that social change occurs as societies transition from simple, mechanical solidarity to more complex, organic solidarity, along with the increasing division of labor.

Spencer theorized that societies evolve from simpler forms to more complex ones through differentiation and integration, drawing analogies to biological organisms, in a process he termed 'social Darwinism'.

Pareto's theory of the 'circulation of elites' posits that social change is a cyclical process where one elite group is inevitably replaced by another, without altering the underlying power dynamics of society.

Parsons' theory of social change is rooted in structural functionalism, where changes occur through the adaptation of the social system to its environment in order to find a new equilibrium.

Morgan's theory of cultural evolution suggested that human societies evolve through three stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization, driven by innovations in technology and social organization.

White's theory of cultural evolution argues that the primary driver of societal development is technological advancements, which lead to increased energy harnessing and underlie cultural complexity.

Luhmann's social systems theory proposes that society consists of interrelated systems that evolve through self-organization and differentiation, emphasizing communication as the foundation of these systems.

Vico's theory of historical cycles known as the corsi e ricorsi suggests that societies go through stages of chaos, development, and decay, which then recycle over time.

Comte's theory of positivism outlines three stages of societal development: the theological, metaphysical, and positive stages, with each stage representing a form of societal order and understanding.

Engels, collaborating with Marx, also contributed to the dialectical materialist view of history, emphasizing the role of family, property, and the state in the evolution of society.

Sorokin's sociocultural dynamics theory suggests that societies fluctuate between 'ideational' (spiritual), 'sensate' (material), and 'idealistic' (balanced) cultural systems over time.

Veblen introduced the concept of 'conspicuous consumption' as part of his critique of capitalism, suggesting that social order changes as individuals engage in the display of wealth to signal status.