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A framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system in equilibrium.

Posits that social change is primarily driven by conflict between different classes or groups within society, often related to material inequalities.

Suggests that underdeveloped countries can develop economically by following the protocols of advanced nations, focusing on a transition to modern values, practices, and industrialization.

A theory that suggests that social reality is highly pluralistic and constantly being redefined through complex and diverse human experiences.

Examines the movement of individuals, families, or groups through a system of social hierarchy or stratification.

Aims to understand the mechanisms and roots of gender inequality in society, and seeks to bring about gender equality.

A theoretical framework which posits that racism is ingrained in the fabric and system of the American society.

Considers social change as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. People seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs in their social relationships.

This theory proposes that the economy benefits from moves towards environmentalism, and that economic growth can be sustainable.

This theory analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people impose on objects, events, and behaviors.

Proposes that social reality is constructed by individuals through their shared meanings and interpretations.

The theory that explains the actions taken by a group of people when they collectively engage in open, random, and seemingly unstructured behaviors.

Asserts that resources flow from a 'periphery' of poor and underdeveloped states to a 'core' of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

Emphasizes that the world system (rather than nation-states) should be the basic unit of social analysis, focusing on the economic and social divisions that extend beyond individual countries.