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Feminist Philosophy

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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Advocated for women's education and rights in the 18th century and is often regarded as the founder of feminist philosophy.

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Judith Butler

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Known for the theory of gender performativity, which challenges the idea of gender as a stable identity or locus of agency.

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Donna Haraway

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Best known for the 'Cyborg Manifesto,' which challenges the boundaries between human, animal, and machine as well as feminist identity politics.

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Shulamith Firestone

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Explored the connection between the societal enforcement of gender roles and biological reproduction in her landmark work 'The Dialectic of Sex'.

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Gloria Anzaldúa

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Her work is instrumental in Chicano cultural theory and focuses on the concept of mestiza consciousness.

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Martha Nussbaum

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Developed the 'capabilities approach' to human development, emphasizing what people are able to do and to be.

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Carol Gilligan

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Known for her critique of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, asserting that women have a different but equally valid moral reasoning.

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Sylvia Federici

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Known for her analysis of capitalism and reproductive labor, especially in her book 'Caliban and the Witch'.

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Hélène Cixous

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Promoted 'écriture féminine' as a form of feminist literary criticism that explores how language and writing can be a space of feminist expression.

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Simone de Beauvoir

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Introduced the idea that one is not born a woman, but becomes one, signifying gender as a societal construct separate from biological sex.

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Betty Friedan

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Her work is credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States.

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Catharine MacKinnon

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Her work focuses on sexual harassment, pornography, and how the law perpetuates gender inequality.

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Julia Kristeva

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Introduced the concept of 'intertextuality' and contributed significantly to poststructuralism and psychoanalytic feminism.

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Harriet Taylor Mill

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Advocated for women's rights and was a significant influence on John Stuart Mill, particularly on his work about the subjugation of women.

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Bell Hooks

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Emphasizes intersectionality and the importance of including race, class, and sex as interlocking systems of oppression.

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Kimberlé Crenshaw

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Coined the term 'intersectionality' to describe how race, class, gender, and other individual characteristics 'intersect' with one another and overlap.

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Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

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Known for her essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?", which addresses the inability of the oppressed to be heard within their own context.

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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A pioneer of the early women's rights movement who presented the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention.

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Sandra Harding

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Known for her work on the philosophy of science from a feminist perspective, particularly the concepts of 'strong objectivity' and 'standpoint theory'.

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Alison Jaggar

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Her revolutionary contributions bridge feminist concerns with political philosophy, particularly with moral justifications and critiques of capitalism.

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Luce Irigaray

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Her work focuses on the critique of phallocentrism and the representation of women in western philosophy.

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Mary Daly

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In her book 'Gyn/Ecology,' she criticized the patriarchy as an oppressive and destructive force against women, advocating for female spaces and language.

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Christine de Pizan

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A medieval writer who challenged misogyny and stereotypes perpetuated by male writers in works like 'The Book of the City of Ladies'.

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Audre Lorde

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Her work focused on the intersections of race, gender, and sexuality and is a crucial voice in black feminism.

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Angela Davis

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Known for her work on prison abolition, Black liberation, and the intersections of race, class, and gender.

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