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Bonding social capital refers to the value of social networks between homogeneous groups of people, while bridging social capital refers to social networks that cut across diverse groups.

The concept of social capital has been criticized for being overly broad, for romanticizing community, and for ignoring power and inequality within social networks.

Advocates argue that social capital plays a key role in strengthening democracy by promoting political participation, civic engagement, and the functioning of institutions.

Putnam asserts that a decline in social capital results from a number of factors including generational changes, busier lives, suburban sprawl, and technology's impact on social life.

Pierre Bourdieu described social capital as the aggregate of the actual or potential resources linked to a durable network of institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition.

Online communities can foster social capital by allowing individuals to create and maintain relationships, share information, and coordinate actions across vast distances.

Critics argue that Putnam's work neglects the role of technology in fostering new forms of social capital, and that it may overstate the decline of social connections.

Robert Putnam popularized the concept of social capital with his work 'Bowling Alone', where he links declining social capital to a wide array of social problems.

Linking social capital refers to the relationships and norms that connect individuals and groups to agents in positions of institutional power.

Nan Lin's theory focuses on access to and use of social resources by individuals in their social networks, emphasizing the instrumental value of social capital.

Social capital can contribute to crime reduction by strengthening community ties, increasing surveillance and informal social control, and fostering norms that inhibit criminal behavior.

Social capital can affect education through parental involvement in schooling, the influence of peer groups, and the role of teachers and schools as socializing agents.

James Coleman introduced social capital to emphasize its importance in creating human capital, viewing it as a resource for action within a social structure.

Critics of Bourdieu often point to the vagueness of his definition, the difficulty in distinguishing social capital from economic and cultural capital, and the lack of emphasis on conflict and power within networks.

Within organizations, social capital can improve collaboration, knowledge sharing, and organizational learning, leading to better performance and competitive advantage.

Francis Fukuyama argues that social capital is crucial for the formation of prosperous, liberal democracies and that varying levels of trust among societies explain different economic and social outcomes.

Social capital refers to the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.

High levels of social capital are associated with better public health outcomes due to improved communication, increased trust, and shared norms that contribute to health-promoting behaviors.

Social capital is believed to enhance economic performance by facilitating coordinated actions, reducing transaction costs, and fostering trust and cooperation.