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A political treatise on ruling and the use of power. Theorist: Niccolò Machiavelli

Theorizes that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus and conformity. Theorist: Karl Marx

Outlines a theory of civil society based on natural rights and contract theory. Theorist: John Locke

Presents a libertarian view of a minimal state, justice, and individual rights. Theorist: Robert Nozick

Examines natural man and civil society, arguing that man is good by nature but corrupted by society. Theorist: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A concept that posits an implicit agreement among individuals to form a society and abide by its rules, norms, and laws. Theorist: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Discusses the balance between society's authority and individual freedom. Theorist: John Stuart Mill

A work that argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign. Theorist: Thomas Hobbes

Introduces the principles of justice as fairness. Theorist: John Rawls

Investigates the structure of human knowledge and the limitations of metaphysics. Theorist: Immanuel Kant

Presents a practical philosophy that aims at the development of virtuous character as the means to achieve happiness. Theorist: Aristotle

Advocates for a classless society in which the means of production are owned communally. Theorists: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Argues that education and learning are instrumental in the social and democratic development of both individuals and society. Theorist: John Dewey

Expands on the idea of justice as fairness and applies it to international relations. Theorist: John Rawls