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Distinguished between the state of nature and civil society; Argued that the social contract was intended to protect natural rights, including life, liberty, and property; Advocated for a separation of powers within government.

Promoted natural law as a basis for the social contract; Argued that the general will must align with natural law to be legitimate; Supported the idea that government should promote public well-being.

Elaborated on natural law and its implications for the social contract; Argued that humans are inherently social and that society and government were natural developments; Emphasized duties as well as rights.

Advocated for the common good and argued that society was a blessing but government a necessary evil; Believed that rights are inherent and not granted by governments; Wrote in support of American independence.

Regarded as a founder of international law; Argued that natural law existed independently of divine will or authority; Emphasized a moral basis for contracts and the importance of keeping agreements.

Focused on moral philosophy, stating that rational beings would enter a social contract based on moral laws; Argued for an ethical commonwealth and universal law of freedom; Introduced the concept of the categorical imperative.

Criticized social contract theory, stating that governments arise naturally and not always by consent; Emphasized the practical necessity of government for social order; Introduced the concept of 'convention' instead of contract.

Did not formulate a social contract theory but influenced the conceptualization of checks and balances in government; His work 'The Spirit of the Laws' helped shape constitutional government; Advocated for a separation of political power.

Proposed a modern interpretation of the social contract in his theory of 'justice as fairness'; Utilized the 'original position' and the 'veil of ignorance' as a way of determining justice; Argued for two principles of justice to structure society.

Known for his promotion of universal basic income based on a social justice framework; Broadened the discussion of freedom in the context of the social contract; Argues for a real-libertarian approach to distributive justice.

Advocated for the separation of powers within government; Emphasized that different forms of government are influenced by various factors, including climate and population size; Influenced modern constitutionalism.

Introduced the idea of a social contract as a way of explaining the necessity of political authority; Argued for a sovereign power to ensure peace and prevent the state of nature, which he described as solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.

Suggested that the social contract was an agreement to form a community and collective identity; Argued for the concept of the 'general will' and popular sovereignty; Believed that property rights resulted in social inequality.

Criticized traditional social contract theory from a feminist perspective; Introduced the concept of the sexual contract to demonstrate how gender relations are structured; Argued that the original social contract was a patriarchal construct.