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Classical Conditioning Terms
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The process by which two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
Classical Conditioning
An initially neutral stimulus that, through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
An innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it does not need to be learned.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response without any prior learning.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus that has become the conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR)
The process of repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus, leading to the decrease or loss of the conditioned response.
Extinction
A sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following a delay after extinction when the conditioned stimulus is presented again.
Spontaneous Recovery
The automatic transfer of conditioned response to similar stimuli that are not identical to the conditioned stimulus.
Generalization
The learning process by which an organism learns to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Discrimination
The phase during which the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented together so that the conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response.
Acquisition
A process in classical conditioning by which the conditioning of a second conditioned stimulus is achieved by pairing it with a first conditioned stimulus instead of an unconditioned stimulus.
Second-Order Conditioning
The decline of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus does not follow the conditioned stimulus, or when a conditioned stimulus is presented alone.
Inhibition
A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial is paired with a new neutral stimulus to create a second conditioned stimulus, without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus.
Higher-Order Conditioning
A return of the conditioned response despite a period of extinction, often occurring in a new context or environment.
Recovery
A biological constraint on learning in which an animal's predisposition to learn associations between certain stimuli and responses can interfere with classical conditioning processes.
Preparedness
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