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Contraceptives: Hormonal and Non-Hormonal
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Cervical Cap
Type: Barrier Mechanism of Action: Fits over the cervix to block sperm entry; should be used with spermicide.
Breastfeeding (Lactational Amenorrhea Method - LAM)
Type: Natural Mechanism of Action: Exclusive breastfeeding inhibits the release of hormones necessary for ovulation.
Contraceptive Injection
Type: Hormonal Mechanism of Action: Injected progestin prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus.
Intrauterine Device (IUD) - Hormonal
Type: Hormonal Mechanism of Action: Releases progestin to thicken cervical mucus, inhibit sperm movement, and thin the uterine lining.
Sponge
Type: Barrier Mechanism of Action: Blocks the cervix and contains spermicide to immobilize sperm.
Intrauterine Device (IUD) - Copper
Type: Non-Hormonal Mechanism of Action: Releases copper ions that are toxic to sperm and prevent fertilization.
Vaginal Ring (NuvaRing)
Type: Hormonal Mechanism of Action: Releases estrogen and progestin locally to prevent ovulation.
Mini Pill (Progestin-Only Pill)
Type: Hormonal Mechanism of Action: Thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm entry; may also inhibit ovulation.
Contraceptive Patch
Type: Hormonal Mechanism of Action: Releases estrogen and progestin to prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus.
Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECPs)
Type: Hormonal Mechanism of Action: Delays ovulation; may prevent fertilization or implantation if taken soon after unprotected sex.
Withdrawal Method (Coitus Interruptus)
Type: Behavioral Mechanism of Action: Removal of the penis from the vagina before ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs)
Type: Hormonal Mechanism of Action: Prevents ovulation by inhibiting the release of FSH and LH.
Condom - Male
Type: Barrier Mechanism of Action: Physically blocks sperm from entering the female reproductive tract.
Diaphragm
Type: Barrier Mechanism of Action: Covers the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
Spermicide
Type: Chemical Mechanism of Action: Destroys sperm cell membranes, inhibiting their ability to fertilize an egg.
Sterilization - Tubal Ligation
Type: Surgical Mechanism of Action: Fallopian tubes are blocked or cut to prevent sperm from reaching an egg.
Sterilization - Vasectomy
Type: Surgical Mechanism of Action: Vas deferens are cut or sealed to prevent sperm from entering the ejaculate.
Contraceptive Implant
Type: Hormonal Mechanism of Action: Releases progestin to prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus.
Condom - Female
Type: Barrier Mechanism of Action: Lines the inside of the vagina to block sperm entry.
Fertility Awareness Methods
Type: Behavioral Mechanism of Action: Avoidance of intercourse during the fertile window of the menstrual cycle.
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