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Immunosuppressive Agents
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Sirolimus
Mechanism: mTOR inhibitor, preventing T-cell proliferation. Primary Use: Kidney transplant rejection prophylaxis.
Tacrolimus
Mechanism: Calcineurin inhibitor, similar to Cyclosporine, but more potent. Primary Use: Prevention of organ transplant rejection, especially for liver or kidney.
Mycophenolate mofetil
Mechanism: Inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, preventing purine synthesis in T and B cells. Primary Use: Prevention of organ transplant rejection.
Methotrexate
Mechanism: Folate analog that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, leading to reduced nucleotide synthesis. Primary Use: Autoimmune diseases, and as a chemotherapeutic agent.
Cyclosporine
Mechanism: Calcineurin inhibitor that prevents T-cell activation. Primary Use: Prevention of organ transplant rejection.
Azathioprine
Mechanism: Prodrug that gets converted to 6-mercaptopurine, inhibits nucleotide synthesis. Primary Use: Kidney transplant rejection, autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
Leflunomide
Mechanism: Inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, affecting pyrimidine synthesis. Primary Use: Rheumatoid arthritis.
Antithymocyte globulin
Mechanism: Depletion of circulating T cells by binding to antigens on T cells and leading to cell lysis. Primary Use: Prevention and treatment of acute transplant rejection.
Daclizumab
Mechanism: Monoclonal antibody against the alpha subunit of the IL-2 receptor on T cells. Primary Use: Prevention of acute transplant rejection.
Pomalidomide
Mechanism: Immunosuppressive and antiangiogenic properties, similar to thalidomide and lenalidomide. Primary Use: Multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least two prior therapies.
Thalidomide
Mechanism: Impacts immune function via multiple pathways, including inhibition of angiogenesis. Primary Use: Multiple myeloma, leprosy.
Muromonab-CD3
Mechanism: Monoclonal antibody that binds CD3 on the surface of T cells, leading to T-cell depletion. Primary Use: Treatment of acute transplant rejection.
Fingolimod
Mechanism: Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator that traps lymphocytes in lymph nodes. Primary Use: Relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.
Prednisone
Mechanism: Synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist that inhibits NF-κB, reducing inflammation and the immune response. Primary Use: Wide range of conditions, included as part of immunosuppression regimens.
Alemtuzumab
Mechanism: Monoclonal antibody that targets CD52 on lymphocytes and leads to cell lysis. Primary Use: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple sclerosis.
Rituximab
Mechanism: Monoclonal antibody against CD20, found on the surface of B cells, leading to their destruction. Primary Use: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis, and some autoimmune diseases.
Belatacept
Mechanism: Fusion protein that inhibits T-cell costimulation by binding to CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells. Primary Use: Maintenance immunosuppression in kidney transplantation.
Lenalidomide
Mechanism: Immune-modulating agent that may alter cytokine production and inhibit angiogenesis. Primary Use: Multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes.
Basiliximab
Mechanism: Monoclonal antibody that blocks the IL-2 receptor on T cells. Primary Use: Prevention of acute rejection in kidney transplantation.
Eculizumab
Mechanism: Monoclonal antibody that inhibits complement protein C5, preventing formation of membrane attack complex (MAC). Primary Use: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.
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