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Over-the-Counter Analgesics

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Ketoprofen

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Indications: Pain, inflammation, fever. Mechanism of Action: NSAID, inhibits COX-1 and COX-2.

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Methyl Salicylate (in joint/muscle creams)

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Indications: Minor aches and pains of muscles and joints. Mechanism of Action: Counterirritant and NSAID, causes irritation and warming of the skin, and also inhibits COX enzymes.

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Trolamine Salicylate (Aspercreme)

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Indications: Temporary relief of minor aches and pains of muscles and joints. Mechanism of Action: NSAID, topical analgesic, inhibits COX enzymes, reducing pain and inflammation.

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Calcium Carbonate (Tums)

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Indications: Heartburn, indigestion, calcium supplement. Mechanism of Action: Antacid, neutralizes stomach acid, thereby reducing heartburn and acid indigestion.

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Lidocaine Patch (Lidoderm)

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Indications: Localized pain relief, postherpetic neuralgia. Mechanism of Action: Local anesthetic, sodium channel blocker.

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Capsaicin (Capzasin)

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Indications: Pain relief from arthritis, neuropathy. Mechanism of Action: Counterirritant, activates TRPV1 receptors causing an influx of calcium ions and subsequent desensitization and pain reduction.

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Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

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Indications: Pain, fever. Mechanism of Action: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, may act on hypothalamic heat-regulating center.

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Diclofenac (Voltaren)

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Indications: Pain, inflammation. Mechanism of Action: NSAID, preferentially inhibits COX-2.

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Magnesium Salicylate (Doan's)

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Indications: Mild to moderate pain, headache, fever. Mechanism of Action: NSAID, inhibits COX enzymes, similar to aspirin.

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Phenacetin

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Indications: Pain, fever. Mechanism of Action: Analgesic and antipyretic, may act similar to acetaminophen, now largely withdrawn due to risks.

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Aspirin (Bayer)

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Indications: Pain, inflammation, fever, cardiovascular protection. Mechanism of Action: NSAID, irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, antiplatelet effect.

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Naproxen (Aleve)

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Indications: Pain, inflammation, fever. Mechanism of Action: NSAID, inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, longer duration than ibuprofen.

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Camphor (in joint/muscle creams)

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Indications: Minor aches and pains of muscles and joints. Mechanism of Action: Counterirritant, stimulates nerve endings to provide a sensation of warmth or coolness.

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Menthol (in joint/muscle creams)

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Indications: Minor aches and pains of muscles and joints. Mechanism of Action: Counterirritant, activates the cold-sensitive TRPM8 receptors in the skin.

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Epsom Salt (Magnesium Sulfate)

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Indications: Muscle soreness, constipation. Mechanism of Action: Osmotic laxative when ingested, believed to reduce muscle soreness when used in bath soaks.

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Phenazone (Antipyrine)

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Indications: Pain, fever. Mechanism of Action: Analgesic and antipyretic properties, mechanism not well defined.

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Salicylamide

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Indications: Pain, fever. Mechanism of Action: Analgesic and antipyretic, thought to inhibit COX enzymes like other salicylates.

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Sodium Bicarbonate

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Indications: Mild acid indigestion and heartburn. Mechanism of Action: Antacid, reacts with stomach acid to form water and carbon dioxide, causing relief from acidity.

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Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)

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Indications: Pain, inflammation, fever. Mechanism of Action: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2).

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Benzocaine (Orajel)

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Indications: Local anesthesia for skin and oral mucosa. Mechanism of Action: Local anesthetic, blocks sodium channels, preventing nerve impulse conduction.

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