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Over-the-Counter Analgesics
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Ketoprofen
Indications: Pain, inflammation, fever. Mechanism of Action: NSAID, inhibits COX-1 and COX-2.
Methyl Salicylate (in joint/muscle creams)
Indications: Minor aches and pains of muscles and joints. Mechanism of Action: Counterirritant and NSAID, causes irritation and warming of the skin, and also inhibits COX enzymes.
Trolamine Salicylate (Aspercreme)
Indications: Temporary relief of minor aches and pains of muscles and joints. Mechanism of Action: NSAID, topical analgesic, inhibits COX enzymes, reducing pain and inflammation.
Calcium Carbonate (Tums)
Indications: Heartburn, indigestion, calcium supplement. Mechanism of Action: Antacid, neutralizes stomach acid, thereby reducing heartburn and acid indigestion.
Lidocaine Patch (Lidoderm)
Indications: Localized pain relief, postherpetic neuralgia. Mechanism of Action: Local anesthetic, sodium channel blocker.
Capsaicin (Capzasin)
Indications: Pain relief from arthritis, neuropathy. Mechanism of Action: Counterirritant, activates TRPV1 receptors causing an influx of calcium ions and subsequent desensitization and pain reduction.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Indications: Pain, fever. Mechanism of Action: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, may act on hypothalamic heat-regulating center.
Diclofenac (Voltaren)
Indications: Pain, inflammation. Mechanism of Action: NSAID, preferentially inhibits COX-2.
Magnesium Salicylate (Doan's)
Indications: Mild to moderate pain, headache, fever. Mechanism of Action: NSAID, inhibits COX enzymes, similar to aspirin.
Phenacetin
Indications: Pain, fever. Mechanism of Action: Analgesic and antipyretic, may act similar to acetaminophen, now largely withdrawn due to risks.
Aspirin (Bayer)
Indications: Pain, inflammation, fever, cardiovascular protection. Mechanism of Action: NSAID, irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, antiplatelet effect.
Naproxen (Aleve)
Indications: Pain, inflammation, fever. Mechanism of Action: NSAID, inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, longer duration than ibuprofen.
Camphor (in joint/muscle creams)
Indications: Minor aches and pains of muscles and joints. Mechanism of Action: Counterirritant, stimulates nerve endings to provide a sensation of warmth or coolness.
Menthol (in joint/muscle creams)
Indications: Minor aches and pains of muscles and joints. Mechanism of Action: Counterirritant, activates the cold-sensitive TRPM8 receptors in the skin.
Epsom Salt (Magnesium Sulfate)
Indications: Muscle soreness, constipation. Mechanism of Action: Osmotic laxative when ingested, believed to reduce muscle soreness when used in bath soaks.
Phenazone (Antipyrine)
Indications: Pain, fever. Mechanism of Action: Analgesic and antipyretic properties, mechanism not well defined.
Salicylamide
Indications: Pain, fever. Mechanism of Action: Analgesic and antipyretic, thought to inhibit COX enzymes like other salicylates.
Sodium Bicarbonate
Indications: Mild acid indigestion and heartburn. Mechanism of Action: Antacid, reacts with stomach acid to form water and carbon dioxide, causing relief from acidity.
Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
Indications: Pain, inflammation, fever. Mechanism of Action: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2).
Benzocaine (Orajel)
Indications: Local anesthesia for skin and oral mucosa. Mechanism of Action: Local anesthetic, blocks sodium channels, preventing nerve impulse conduction.
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