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Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and attenuates intestinal absorption of glucose.

Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells by blocking ATP-sensitive potassium channels.

Inhibits sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in the proximal renal tubules, reducing reabsorption of glucose and increasing its excretion in urine.

Inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), increasing incretin levels which enhance insulin secretion and suppress glucagon release.

Sulfonylurea that stimulates insulin release by closing potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells.

Prevents the breakdown of incretins by inhibiting DPP-4, leading to increased insulin production and decreased glucagon secretion.

Increases insulin release from the pancreas.

Increases insulin production from the pancreas by stimulating pancreatic beta cells.

Activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), improving insulin sensitivity.

Inhibits DPP-4 enzyme, which increases insulin release and decreases glucagon levels during hyperglycemia.

Delays carbohydrate absorption by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase enzymes in the small intestine.

Increases insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, muscle, and the liver by activating PPAR-γ.

Mimics the hormone GLP-1 to increase insulin secretion, suppress glucagon release, and slow gastric emptying.

Stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.

Stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion by closing ATP-dependent potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells.

Blocks the SGLT2 protein in the kidneys, leading to more glucose being removed through urine.

Inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidases leading to delayed carbohydrate absorption.

Increases insulin secretion by binding to and inhibiting ATP-dependent potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells.

DPP-4 inhibitor that enhances glycemic control through increased incretin hormone levels.