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Thermodynamics

Chemical Potential

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Fugacity (f)

An adjustment factor that corrects the chemical potential in non-ideal gases:

\mu = \mu^\circ + RT \ln(f)

Phase Equilibria

The chemical potential of each phase must be equal when in equilibrium.

Chemical Potential (μ)

A measure of the chemical potential energy per particle within a substance.

Colligative Properties

Properties that depend on the ratio of the number of solute particles to solvent molecules in a solution, not on the nature of the chemical species present.

Gibbs Free Energy (G)

A thermodynamic potential that measures the maximum reversible work that may be performed by a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure.

Raoult's Law

For a solution component:

P = x_P \cdot P^\circ_P

where

P

is the partial vapor pressure of the component,

x_P

its mole fraction, and

P^\circ_P

its vapor pressure in pure form.

Henry's Law

The solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular temperature is proportional to the pressure of that gas above the liquid:

C = kP

where

C

is the concentration of the dissolved gas,

k

is Henry's law constant, and

P

is the partial pressure of the gas.

Equilibrium Constant (K)

For a general reaction: $aA + bB \leftrightarrow cC + dD$ , the equilibrium constant is given by:

K = \frac{[C]^c[D]^d}{[A]^a[B]^b}

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