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Processes that increase entropy and are not naturally reversible, such as diffusion or natural heat transfer.

A measure of the number of specific ways a thermodynamic system can be arranged, typically increasing in non-equilibrium processes.

Theoretical framework that expresses the linear relationship between fluxes and forces in near-equilibrium thermodynamics.

Functions like internal energy, enthalpy, free energy, and Gibbs free energy that are minimized in equilibrium states and can drive non-equilibrium processes.

Structures that form spontaneously in non-equilibrium systems due to the dissipation of energy, often leading to self-organization and complex behavior.

A theorem describing the probability of entropy producing fluctuations versus entropy consuming fluctuations in a non-equilibrium system.

An application of non-equilibrium thermodynamics describing the velocity field due to a given configuration of vortices in fluid dynamics.

A principle stating that an electric current will distribute itself within a conductor so that the energy dissipated as heat is minimized.

The study of how non-equilibrium processes govern the rate and mechanism of phase changes in matter.