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Expressed as $PV = nRT$, it relates the pressure (P), volume (V), amount of gas (n), ideal gas constant (R), and temperature (T), explaining that an increase in temperature would result in increased pressure if volume and moles of gas remain constant.

The force exerted by particles colliding with the walls of its container, directly proportional to the number of collisions and the momentum transferred during collisions.

The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system, interpreted as the speed of particle motion.

A theory that explains gas behavior by assuming that the gas consists of rapidly moving particles that are in constant, random motion and that collisions between particles are perfectly elastic.

Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system, associated with the number of microstates (specific ways in which particles can be arranged), where more microstates imply higher entropy.

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree, interpreted as how much energy is stored or absorbed by the particles in the form of kinetic and potential energy.

The theoretical temperature at which particles have minimal motion and cannot be cooled further, defined as 0 K on the Kelvin scale.