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A refrigerant is a substance used in the refrigeration cycle to absorb and transport heat. It undergoes phase changes from liquid to gas and vice versa within the cycle.

The Carnot cycle has the highest possible efficiency for a heat engine between two temperatures. It operates on two isothermal processes (heat transfer without changing temperature) and two adiabatic processes (heat transfer with no heat exchange).

In the evaporator, the low-pressure liquid refrigerant absorbs heat from the environment or product being cooled, causing it to evaporate into a gas, thereby producing a cooling effect.

A vapor compression cycle is the most common method used in refrigeration systems. It involves the compression of a refrigerant, which raises its temperature and pressure, followed by condensation, expansion, and evaporation.

This cycle uses a heat source to generate a cooling effect and is often driven by natural gas or solar power. It involves the absorption of refrigerant by a secondary fluid (absorbent), then regenerating the refrigerant through heating.

The compressor in a refrigeration cycle increases the pressure of the refrigerant, which also raises its temperature, to prepare it for the condensation process.

The condenser in a refrigeration cycle is where the high-pressure and high-temperature refrigerant releases its heat to the surrounding, causing it to condense into a liquid.

Thermoelectric coolers operate via the Peltier effect, where passing an electric current through two different conductors can absorb or release heat at the junctions, resulting in a temperature difference and a cooling effect.

A thermal expansion valve controls the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator, expanding and cooling it. The TXV adjusts the flow based on the cooling demand.