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Thermodynamics

Critical Points and Supercritical Fluids

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Critical Point

A point on a phase diagram where the phase boundaries vanish and the substance exhibits properties of both gas and liquid.

Supercritical Fluid

A state of matter where the substance is above its critical temperature and critical pressure, possessing properties of both liquid and gas.

Van der Waals Equation

A real gas equation that accounts for the volume of gas particles and the intermolecular forces present, given by $\left( P + \frac{a}{V_m^2} \right)(V_m - b) = RT$ .

Critical Temperature ( $T_c$ )

The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone.

Peng-Robinson Equation of State

An empirical equation that estimates the properties of real gases, incorporating temperature, pressure, volume, and substance-specific constants.

Binary Mixture Critical Point

The critical point for a system of two constituent substances where phases cease to be differentiable.

Critical Volume ( $V_c$ )

The volume of a substance at its critical temperature and critical pressure.

Compressibility Factor ( $Z$ )

A dimensionless value that describes the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behavior, expressed as $Z = \frac{PV}{nRT}$ .

Critical Pressure ( $P_c$ )

The minimum pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature.

Critical Isotherm

The isothermal curve on a phase diagram that represents the critical temperature, where gas and liquid phases are indistinguishable.

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