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An adiabatic process where the gas expands, doing work on the surroundings, and the entropy remains constant.

A process in which the gas expands slowly in thermal contact with a heat reservoir at constant temperature, doing work and absorbing heat.

An adiabatic process where the gas is compressed, reducing volume without exchange of heat, and the entropy remains constant.

A process during which the gas is compressed at a constant temperature and releases heat to the cold reservoir.

During the isothermal expansion phase, the system absorbs a specific amount of heat from the hot reservoir.

During the isothermal compression phase, the system rejects a specific amount of heat to the cold reservoir.

The efficiency is the ratio of the work done by the engine to the heat absorbed from the hot reservoir, given by the equation $\eta = 1 - \frac{T_cold}{T_hot}$.