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Thermal equilibrium is the state in which two or more bodies in physical contact with each other have reached a common temperature and there is no net transfer of heat between the objects. Example: A cup of coffee reaching room temperature.

A heat exchanger is a device that facilitates the efficient transfer of heat from one medium to another. The two mediums typically do not mix or come into direct contact. Example: A car radiator that transfers heat from the engine coolant to the air.

Thermal conductivity is a physical property of a material that quantifies how well the material conducts heat. Example: Copper has high thermal conductivity while wood has low thermal conductivity.

Conduction is the transfer of heat through a material without any motion of the material itself. It occurs through direct contact when energy is passed from a high-temperature area to a low-temperature area. Example: Heat moving through a metal rod from one end to the other.

Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (liquid or gas) due to the tendency of warmer, less dense materials to rise, and cooler, denser materials to sink. Example: Boiling water creating convection currents.

Heat transfer by phase change is the absorption or release of heat when a substance changes from one state of matter to another, e.g., from solid to liquid or liquid to gas. Example: Melting ice absorbs heat without rising in temperature.

Newton's Law of Cooling describes the rate of heat exchange between a body and its surrounding environment. It states that the rate of heat loss of the object is proportional to the difference in temperatures between the object and its surroundings. Expressed as $\frac{dT}{dt} = -k(T - T_{\text{environment}})$.

Insulation refers to the use of materials that strongly resist the transfer of heat. These materials are used to reduce the rate of heat transfer from one area to another. Example: Fiberglass used in building walls.

Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, without requiring a medium. It can occur through a vacuum. Example: Heat from the Sun reaching Earth through space.