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Dental Pharmacology Essentials
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Amoxicillin
Indications: Bacterial infections. Contraindications: Penicillin allergy. Common Dosages: Adults - 250 to 500 mg every 8 hours; Children - 25 to 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses.
Lidocaine
Indications: Local anesthesia. Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to amide-type anesthetics. Common Dosages: Maximum dose without epinephrine - 4.5 mg/kg; with epinephrine - 7 mg/kg.
Cephalexin
Indications: Bacterial infections. Contraindications: Allergy to cephalosporins. Common Dosages: Adults - 250 to 500 mg every 6 hours; Children - 25 to 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses.
Tetracycline
Indications: Periodontal disease, bacterial infections. Contraindications: Pregnancy, children under 8 years, severe liver dysfunction. Common Dosages: Adults - 500 mg every 6 hours; Children 8+ - 20 to 25 mg/kg/day in divided doses.
Acetaminophen
Indications: Dental pain, fever. Contraindications: Liver disease, history of alcoholism. Common Dosages: Adults - 325 to 650 mg every 4 to 6 hours; Children - 10 to 15 mg/kg every 4 to 6 hours.
Silver Diamine Fluoride
Indications: Arresting dental caries. Contraindications: Silver allergy, stomatitis, or ulcerative gingivitis. Common Dosages: Applied topically in a 38% solution; application frequency varies with the clinical scenario.
Chlorhexidine
Indications: Periodontal therapy, pre-procedural mouthwash. Contraindications: Hypersensitivity. Common Dosages: Rinse with 15 ml (0.12%) twice daily for 30 seconds.
Triamcinolone Acetonide
Indications: Oral lesions, inflammatory conditions. Contraindications: Fungal, viral, or bacterial infections of the mouth or throat. Common Dosages: Apply a small dab (0.1%) up to three times daily after meals.
Fluoride
Indications: Prevention of dental caries. Contraindications: Hypersensitivity. Common Dosages: Varies based on form and method of application; generally 0.5 to 1.1% daily for toothpaste, or professional applications 1-4 times per year.
Nitrous Oxide
Indications: Analgesia and sedation during dental procedures. Contraindications: Respiratory illnesses, MTHFR deficiency, cobalamin deficiency. Common Dosages: 30-70% concentration balanced with oxygen is administered through inhalation during the procedure.
Penciclovir
Indications: Herpes labialis (cold sores). Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to penciclovir or famciclovir. Common Dosages: Apply a 1% cream every 2 hours while awake for 4 days.
Loratadine
Indications: Allergic symptoms. Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to loratadine or its components. Common Dosages: Adults and children 6+ - 10 mg once daily; Children 2-5 - 5 mg once daily.
Nystatin
Indications: Oral candidiasis. Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to nystatin. Common Dosages: 400,000 to 600,000 units 4 times daily, swished in the mouth and swallowed or applied topically.
Hydrocodone
Indications: Management of dental pain. Contraindications: Respiratory depression, acute or severe asthma. Common Dosages: Adults - 10 mg every 4 to 6 hours as needed; not recommended for children.
Miconazole
Indications: Oral candidiasis. Contraindications: Liver disease, hypersensitivity to miconazole. Common Dosages: 50 mg (oral gel) applied four times daily after meals and at bedtime for 7 to 14 days.
Doxycycline
Indications: Bacterial infections, periodontal disease. Contraindications: Pregnancy, children under 8 years old. Common Dosages: Adults - 100 mg every 12 hours on the first day, then 100 mg daily; Children 8+ - 2 mg/kg on the first day, then 1 mg/kg daily.
Clindamycin
Indications: Bacterial infections, prophylaxis for penicillin allergies. Contraindications: Ulcerative colitis, history of antibiotic-associated colitis. Common Dosages: Adults - 150 to 300 mg every 6 hours; Children - 8 to 16 mg/kg/day in divided doses.
Oxytetracycline/Polymyxin B
Indications: Superficial oral infections. Contraindications: Allergy to tetracycline or polymyxin B antibiotics. Common Dosages: Apply a small amount of the ointment (3.5%) to the affected area up to 4 times daily.
Ibuprofen
Indications: Dental pain, inflammation. Contraindications: Ulcers, bleeding disorders. Common Dosages: Adults - 400 to 800 mg every 6 to 8 hours; Children - 10 mg/kg every 6 to 8 hours.
Aspirin
Indications: Dental pain, inflammation, fever. Contraindications: Children with viral infections, bleeding disorders. Common Dosages: Adults - 325 to 650 mg every 4 hours; Children - Consult physician.
Calcium Hydroxide
Indications: Pulp capping, root canal therapy. Contraindications: Not indicated for direct application on soft tissues or in the presence of pus. Common Dosages: Varied; applied as a paste during dental procedures as needed.
Benzocaine
Indications: Topical anesthesia. Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, methemoglobinemia. Common Dosages: Applied topically in concentrations ranging from 10% to 20% as needed.
Erythromycin
Indications: Bacterial infections, prophylaxis for penicillin allergies. Contraindications: Liver dysfunction, concurrent use of certain drugs. Common Dosages: Adults - 250 to 500 mg every 6 hours; Children - 30 to 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses.
Ketorolac
Indications: Short-term management of moderate to severe dental pain. Contraindications: Advanced renal impairment, high risk of bleeding. Common Dosages: Adults - 20 mg initially followed by 10 mg every 4 to 6 hours as needed.
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