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High blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in the kidneys, impairing renal function.

Chronically high blood pressure can strain the renal arteries and lead to kidney damage.

Reduced cardiac output decreases renal blood flow and can lead to ischemic injury to the kidneys.

Reduced renal reserve and a decrease in the regenerative capacity of the kidneys make older adults more susceptible to AKI.

Insufficient fluid intake or excessive fluid loss can lead to hypovolemia, reducing renal perfusion and causing prerenal AKI.

Systemic infection leads to widespread inflammation, causing vasodilation and hypotension, which impairs renal blood flow.

Certain medications cause direct toxicity to kidney cells, leading to intrinsic AKI.

Obstructive uropathy causes increased intraluminal pressure and obstructs urine flow, leading to postrenal AKI.

Disorders like lupus can cause immune complex deposition in the kidneys' filtering units, leading to glomerulonephritis and AKI.

The breakdown of muscle tissue releases myoglobin into the bloodstream, which is toxic to renal tubular cells and can cause intrinsic AKI.

Cirrhosis and other liver conditions can alter renal blood flow regulation and result in hepatorenal syndrome, a type of AKI.