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Purpose: To estimate how well the kidneys filter waste from the blood. What it measures: The volume of fluid filtered from the kidney's glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time, estimated typically using the serum creatinine level, age, sex, and race.

Purpose: To test for the presence of substances in the urine that indicate various diseases and conditions. What it measures: Analytes such as proteins, glucose, ketones, blood, leukocytes, and nitrites, among other parameters.

Purpose: To visualize the structure and size of the kidneys and to check for abnormalities such as blockages or kidney stones. What it measures: It assesses the physical characteristics of the kidneys and surrounding tissues, using ultrasound waves.

Purpose: To evaluate kidney function by determining the amount of creatinine in the blood. What it measures: Creatinine levels, which is a waste product from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue.

Purpose: To measure the amount of protein excreted in urine, often indicative of kidney damage. What it measures: Total protein levels in the urine, typically collected over 24 hours.

Purpose: To assess the efficiency of the kidneys in clearing creatinine from the blood. What it measures: The rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidneys, usually requiring a 24-hour urine collection and a blood sample.

Purpose: To assess kidney function by measuring the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. What it measures: Levels of urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein metabolism.

Purpose: To detect early signs of kidney damage in individuals at risk of developing kidney disease. What it measures: The small amounts of albumin that are leaked into the urine when the kidneys are damaged.

Purpose: To obtain a small piece of kidney tissue to diagnose the specific type of kidney disease and determine the severity and possible treatment. What it measures: Microscopic examination of kidney tissue structure and cells, analyzing for disease or damage.