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Cause: Chronic dehydration, not drinking enough fluids. Prevention: Increase water intake, aim for 2 to 3 liters of urine output a day. Treatment options: Drinking more fluids to prevent new stones, monitoring urine output.

Cause: Genetic factors, high sodium diet, certain medications. Prevention: Maintain a balanced diet with controlled sodium, adequate calcium intake. Treatment options: Thiazide diuretics to reduce calcium in urine, dietary adjustments.

Cause: High consumption of oxalate-rich foods, intestinal disease, or genetic factors. Prevention: Limit oxalate intake (spinach, beets, nuts), calcium supplements to bind dietary oxalate. Treatment options: Potassium citrate to prevent stone formation, dietary management.

Cause: Hyperoxaluria or high calcium intake. Prevention: Stay hydrated, reduce sodium and oxalate-rich foods, get enough calcium. Treatment options: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), medications to manage pain, or surgery if needed.

Cause: Infection in the urinary system. Prevention: Prompt treatment of urinary tract infections, good hygiene practices. Treatment options: Antibiotics to treat the underlying infection, surgical stone removal if needed.

Cause: Genetic disorder causing high levels of cystine. Prevention: Drink lots of water, reduce sodium intake. Treatment options: Medications that reduce cystine concentration in urine, ESWL, and sometimes surgery.

Cause: High levels of uric acid, potentially from a high-protein diet or gout. Prevention: Reduce intake of purine-rich foods, take medications to reduce uric acid. Treatment options: Allopurinol to lower uric acid, ESWL, urine alkalization.