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Renal Pathophysiology
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Hyperkalemia
An elevated blood potassium level that can impair cardiac function, often associated with decreased renal excretion.
Nephritic Syndrome
Characterized by hematuria, hypertension, and mild proteinuria resulting from inflammatory damage to glomeruli.
Hemodialysis
A treatment that replaces the function of the kidneys by filtering blood through a dialyzer to remove waste products.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Measures kidney function by evaluating how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys, ultimately impairing kidney function.
Proteinuria
Presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine, which can indicate damage to the glomerular filtration barrier.
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
A group of disorders characterized by the kidney's failure to either acidify the urine or reabsorb bicarbonate.
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
Death of tubular cells, typically due to ischemia or toxic insults, leading to acute kidney injury.
Hyperfiltration
An increase in GFR that can initially compensate for loss of nephron function but may lead to further kidney damage.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Progressive loss of renal function over time, which may result in the need for dialysis or transplantation.
Peritoneal Dialysis
A form of dialysis where the patient's peritoneum is used as the dialysis membrane to remove waste and excess fluid.
Nephrotic Syndrome
A set of symptoms including severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema due to increased permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier.
Azotemia
Elevation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, often due to decreased kidney function.
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
A sudden loss of kidney function often caused by ischemia, toxins, or obstruction.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance; overactivation can lead to hypertension and contribute to kidney disease progression.
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