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Renal Pathophysiology

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Hyperkalemia

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An elevated blood potassium level that can impair cardiac function, often associated with decreased renal excretion.

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Nephritic Syndrome

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Characterized by hematuria, hypertension, and mild proteinuria resulting from inflammatory damage to glomeruli.

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Hemodialysis

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A treatment that replaces the function of the kidneys by filtering blood through a dialyzer to remove waste products.

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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

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Measures kidney function by evaluating how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute.

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Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

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A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys, ultimately impairing kidney function.

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Proteinuria

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Presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine, which can indicate damage to the glomerular filtration barrier.

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Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)

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A group of disorders characterized by the kidney's failure to either acidify the urine or reabsorb bicarbonate.

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Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

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Death of tubular cells, typically due to ischemia or toxic insults, leading to acute kidney injury.

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Hyperfiltration

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An increase in GFR that can initially compensate for loss of nephron function but may lead to further kidney damage.

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

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Progressive loss of renal function over time, which may result in the need for dialysis or transplantation.

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Peritoneal Dialysis

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A form of dialysis where the patient's peritoneum is used as the dialysis membrane to remove waste and excess fluid.

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Nephrotic Syndrome

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A set of symptoms including severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema due to increased permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier.

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Azotemia

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Elevation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, often due to decreased kidney function.

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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

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A sudden loss of kidney function often caused by ischemia, toxins, or obstruction.

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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

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A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance; overactivation can lead to hypertension and contribute to kidney disease progression.

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