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Role in kidney function: Regulates fluid balance, affects blood pressure and blood volume. Effects of imbalance: Hyponatremia or hypernatremia can lead to confusion, seizures, and muscle twitching.

Role in kidney function: Balances need for calcium and proper cellular function, kidneys filter and reabsorb phosphate. Effects of imbalance: Hyerphosphatemia can cause muscle cramps and arrhythmias, hypophosphatemia can lead to muscle weakness.

Role in kidney function: Helps maintain osmotic pressure and acid-base balance, expelled or reabsorbed alongside sodium. Effects of imbalance: Hypochloremia or hyperchloremia can cause pH imbalances, negatively impacting respiration and blood pressure.

Role in kidney function: Involved in bone health and neuromuscular function, kidney balance by synthesizing active vitamin D. Effects of imbalance: Hypocalcemia can lead to tetany, while hypercalcemia may cause kidney stones and cardiac arrest.

Role in kidney function: Essential for proper function of cells and nerves, kidneys regulate its concentration. Effects of imbalance: Hyperkalemia or hypokalemia can cause cardiac dysrhythmias and muscle weakness.

Role in kidney function: Key buffer in maintaining acid-base balance, kidneys regulate its reabsorption and secretion. Effects of imbalance: Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis can occur if bicarbonate levels are off, impacting breathing and enzyme activity.

Role in kidney function: Concentration determines blood pH, kidneys conserve or secrete H+ to maintain pH balance. Effects of imbalance: Acidemia or alkalemia affects enzyme function, protein conformation, and can result in altered consciousness.