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Underlying causes: Deposition of IgA antibodies in the glomerulus. Diagnosis: Serum IgA levels, urinalysis, kidney biopsy showing mesangial IgA deposition. Treatments: Blood pressure control, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, immunosuppressive agents.

Underlying causes: Deposition of abnormal amyloid proteins. Diagnosis: Biopsy, demonstration of amyloid deposition with Congo red staining. Treatments: Chemotherapy, organ transplantation, supportive care.

Underlying causes: Small vessel vasculitis, often following upper respiratory infections. Diagnosis: Rash (purpura), abdominal pain, kidney involvement, biopsy. Treatments: Supportive care, steroids, immunosuppressants if severe.

Underlying causes: Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. Diagnosis: Urine sediment, serology for HIV, kidney biopsy. Treatments: Antiretroviral therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, potential for dialysis or transplantation.

Underlying causes: Chronic uncontrolled high blood pressure. Diagnosis: Clinical history of hypertension, urinalysis, imaging studies. Treatments: Blood pressure control, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, lifestyle changes.

Underlying causes: Chronic hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus. Diagnosis: Albuminuria, declining GFR, kidney biopsy. Treatments: Glycemic control, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers.

Underlying causes: Hepatitis B virus infection. Diagnosis: HBsAg and anti-HBc serologies, kidney biopsy. Treatments: Antiviral therapy, corticosteroids, plasmapheresis.

Underlying causes: Infection with streptococcus or other bacteria. Diagnosis: Recent infection history, complement levels, urinalysis, kidney biopsy. Treatments: Supportive care, antibiotics if infection is ongoing, sometimes immunosuppressants.

Underlying causes: Systemic lupus erythematosus. Diagnosis: Serological tests (ANA, anti-dsDNA), kidney biopsy. Treatments: Immunomodulators, corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine.