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Pediatric Nephrology
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Nephrotic Syndrome
Characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. Management includes corticosteroids for most cases, and possibly immunosuppressants for steroid-resistant types.
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Presents with hematuria, hypertension, edema following a strep infection. Managed with supportive care, antibiotics if strep infection is ongoing, and blood pressure control.
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Nephritis
Presents with a purpuric rash, abdominal pain, arthralgia, hematuria. Management includes supportive care, steroids for severe cases, and monitoring for renal function deterioration.
Obstructive Uropathy
Can present with urinary tract infections, poor growth, or renal failure. Management depends on the cause, ranging from surgical intervention to observation.
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Presents with hypertension, urinary tract infections, hematuria, and kidney stones. Management involves blood pressure control, treatment of urinary infections, and monitoring for renal function.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Presents with a triad of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury, often after a diarrheal illness caused by E.coli. Management includes supportive care, dialysis if needed, and close monitoring.
Reflux Nephropathy
Characterized by recurrent urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux. Managed with antibiotics, surgery for severe cases, and monitoring for renal scarring and hypertension.
Hydronephrosis
Presents due to the dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, can be due to obstruction or reflux. Management includes addressing the underlying cause and protecting renal function.
Minimal Change Disease
Presents with sudden onset of edema and nephrotic syndrome, but with normal kidney function. Managed with corticosteroids, and most children respond well to the treatment.
Acute Kidney Injury
Can be due to pre-renal, intrinsic renal, or post-renal causes. Presents with oliguria or anuria, fluid overload, and elevated serum creatinine. Management is based on the cause and may include fluid management, dialysis, and medication adjustment.
Chronic Kidney Disease
Progressive loss of renal function over time; presents with symptoms of uremia, hypertension, and growth failure. Management includes protecting remaining renal function, managing complications, and preparing for renal replacement therapy if needed.
Wilms Tumor
Presents with an asymptomatic abdominal mass, occasionally with hematuria or hypertension. Managed primarily with surgery and chemotherapy, and prognosis is generally good with treatment.
Cystinosis
Presents with renal Fanconi syndrome, growth failure, and rickets. Management involves replacing lost electrolytes, using cysteamine therapy, and monitoring for kidney complications.
Urolithiasis (Kidney Stones)
Presents with pain, hematuria, and possible urinary tract infection. Management includes pain control, hydration, possible medical expulsive therapy, and in some cases, surgical intervention.
Alport Syndrome
Characterized by hematuria, progressive renal failure, and often sensorineural hearing loss. Management is supportive and may include ACE inhibitors, hearing aids, and ultimately renal transplantation.
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