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Layers of the Cerebral Cortex
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Layer IV - Internal Granular Layer
Functions: Receives inputs from the thalamus; involved in sensory processing. Cell types: Composed of densely packed stellate and pyramidal cells; afferent fibers from the thalamus synapse here.
Layer V - Internal Pyramidal Layer
Functions: Projects to subcortical structures; involved in motor control. Cell types: Contains large pyramidal neurons (Betz cells); these neurons project to the spinal cord and other subcortical areas.
Layer I - Molecular Layer
Functions: Modulation of synaptic transmission; contains few neurons. Cell types: Mostly consists of dendrites, axons, and glial cells; horizontal cells of Cajal are found here.
Layer II - External Granular Layer
Functions: Integration of information; plays a role in cortical processing. Cell types: Mainly small granule cells and pyramidal cells; contains some inhibitory interneurons.
Layer III - External Pyramidal Layer
Functions: Important for the formation of corticocortical connections; involved in higher cognitive functions. Cell types: Contains predominantly medium-sized pyramidal cells and some interneurons.
Layer VI - Multiform Layer
Functions: Provides feedback to the thalamus; involved in modulation of thalamic input. Cell types: Comprises a wide variety of cell shapes, including fusiform, pyramidal, and multiform cells.
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