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The myelin sheath is a fatty layer that covers the axon of some neurons, which increases the speed of electrical transmission along the axon and provides insulation.

Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon. They facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses via saltatory conduction.

Dendrites are tree-like extensions from the neuron cell body. They receive chemical and electrical signals from other neurons and transmit these signals to the cell body.

Located within the soma, the nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and controls the synthesis of proteins necessary for the neuron's structure and function.

Axon terminals are the ends of the axon and its branches, which release neurotransmitters to send signals across synapses to other neurons or muscle cells.

The soma is the central part of a neuron and contains the nucleus. It is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell and integrating signals.

The axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body to the axon terminals and synapses.