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Synaptic Transmission Steps

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Step 3: Action Potential Arrival

An action potential reaches the presynaptic neuron's axon terminal, initiating neurotransmitter release.

Step 5: Vesicle Fusion and Neurotransmitter Release

Calcium ion influx triggers vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Step 8: Neurotransmitter Deactivation

Neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by degradation, reuptake, or diffusion away from the synapse.

Step 1: Neurotransmitter Synthesis

Neurotransmitters are synthesized from precursors under the influence of enzymes.

Step 4: Calcium Ion Influx

Voltage-gated calcium channels open, allowing calcium ions ( $Ca^{2+}$ ) to enter the neuron.

Step 7: Postsynaptic Response

The binding of neurotransmitters to receptors induces a response which may be an action potential if the threshold is reached.

Step 6: Neurotransmitter Binding to Receptors

Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

Step 2: Neurotransmitter Storage

Synthesized neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles within the axon terminal.

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