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Great Migrations in History
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The Great Migration, 1916-1970
Reasons: African-American movement from rural Southern United States to urban Northeast, Midwest, and West for job opportunities and escaping Jim Crow laws. Impacts: Significant demographic shifts within the US, cultural influences like the Harlem Renaissance, and increased political power for African-Americans.
The Dust Bowl Migration, 1930s
Reasons: Severe dust storms and economic hardship in the Great Plains led farmers and families to migrate. Impacts: Growth of agriculture in California, changes in federal agricultural policy, and inspiration for art such as Steinbeck's 'The Grapes of Wrath'.
The Great Irish Famine Migration, 1845-1852
Reasons: Potato blight led to famine in Ireland, causing widespread starvation. Impacts: Large Irish diaspora, especially in the US and UK, cultural integration, and influence on politics and labor movements.
Rural to Urban Migration in Industrial Europe, 19th Century
Reasons: Industrial Revolution created jobs in urban centers. Impacts: Rapid urbanization, shifts in social structures, and development of new social classes like the urban proletariat.
The Gold Rush Migration, 1848-1855
Reasons: Discovery of gold in California led to an influx of miners and entrepreneurs. Impacts: Rapid statehood for California, demographic diversity, and the displacement of Native American populations.
The Partition of India, 1947
Reasons: Division of British India into two states, India and Pakistan, based on religious demographics. Impacts: One of the largest mass migrations in human history, massive communal violence, and long-term regional tensions.
The Highland Clearances, 18th-19th Century
Reasons: Landlords in the Scottish Highlands evicted tenants to make room for sheep herding. Impacts: Emigration of Scots to North America and Australasia, loss of Gaelic culture, and the foundation of expatriate Scottish communities.
The Transatlantic Slave Trade, 16th-19th Century
Reasons: Europeans transported African slaves to the Americas for labor in plantations. Impacts: Enormous demographic and cultural changes in the Americas, lasting racial and economic disparities, and the rise of the African diaspora.
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