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Social Reforms and Their Leaders
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Civil Rights Movement
Key figures: Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X. Outcome: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Temperance Movement
Key figures: Carry Nation, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Frances Willard. Outcome: Prohibition in the United States with the 18th Amendment, later repealed by the 21st Amendment.
Education Reform
Key figures: Horace Mann, Maria Montessori, John Dewey. Outcome: Mandatory public education, progressive educational philosophies, increased accessibility to education.
Mental Health Awareness
Key figures: Clifford Whittingham Beers, Dorothea Dix, Florence Nightingale. Outcome: Improved mental health care, deinstitutionalization, and mental health education.
Animal Rights Movement
Key figures: Peter Singer, Henry Spira, Ingrid Newkirk. Outcome: Increased regulations on animal testing, welfare laws for livestock, and greater advocacy for animal rights.
Labor Reform Movement
Key figures: Samuel Gompers, Frances Perkins, Mother Jones. Outcome: Improved labor conditions, establishment of AFL, and Fair Labor Standards Act.
Disability Rights Movement
Key figures: Ed Roberts, Judith Heumann, Justin Dart Jr. Outcome: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), improved accessibility and rights for people with disabilities.
Anti-Apartheid Movement
Key figures: Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, Oliver Tambo. Outcome: End of apartheid in South Africa, establishment of a democratic government.
Child Labor Reform
Key figures: Lewis Hine, Jane Addams, Florence Kelley. Outcome: Regulations on child labor, fair wages for children, incorporation into education systems.
Abolition of Slavery
Key figures: Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison. Outcome: Slavery abolished with the 13th Amendment in 1865.
Prison Reform
Key figures: Dorothea Dix, John Howard, Elizabeth Fry. Outcome: Improved prison conditions, establishment of juvenile courts, and probation systems.
Healthcare Reform
Key figures: Florence Nightingale, Lyndon B. Johnson, Tommy Douglas. Outcome: Development of modern nursing, Medicare and Medicaid, universal healthcare in some countries.
LGBT Rights Movement
Key figures: Harvey Milk, Marsha P. Johnson, Sylvia Rivera. Outcome: Legalization of same-sex marriage in many countries, increased anti-discrimination protections.
Women's Suffrage
Key figures: Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Emma Watson. Outcome: Women gained the right to vote with the 19th Amendment in 1920.
Environmental Conservation
Key figures: John Muir, Rachel Carson, Theodore Roosevelt. Outcome: Creation of national parks, Endangered Species Act, increased environmental protection.
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