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Founding figure in the field of economics. Best known for 'The Wealth of Nations', where he discusses the invisible hand and market economy.

Philosopher known for his influential system of radical philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism. Notable works include 'A Treatise of Human Nature'.

Philosopher and mathematician known for his work on the idea of progress and his contributions to probability theory. Wrote 'Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind'.

Advocacy of freedom of speech, separation of church and state, and civil liberties. Works include 'Candide' and 'Letters Concerning the English Nation'.

Proposed ideas about general will and popular sovereignty. Known for 'The Social Contract' and 'Emile, or On Education'.

Founder of modern utilitarianism, his main works include 'An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'.

Developed theories of social contract, natural rights, and government's legitimate role. Key works are 'Two Treatises of Government' and 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'.

Pioneered the idea of separation of powers in government. Author of 'The Spirit of the Laws'.

Argued for a synthesis of rationalism and empiricism. Key writings include 'Critique of Pure Reason' and 'Critique of Practical Reason'.

Early feminist philosopher known for her advocacy of women's rights. Author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.

Naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopedic author. Notable for his work 'Histoire Naturelle'.

American polymath known for his contributions to the Enlightenment, particularly in America. Writings include 'Poor Richard's Almanack' and his autobiography.

Pioneer of criminal justice reform and utilitarianism. His seminal work is 'On Crimes and Punishments'.

Edited 'Encyclopédie', which aimed to compile knowledge and promote secular thought and reason.