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Social Movements of the 20th Century

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Civil Rights Movement

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Goals: End racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans, secure legal recognition and federal protection of citizenship rights. Leaders: Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X. Major Events: Montgomery Bus Boycott, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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Environmental Movement

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Goals: Protect the natural environment from pollution and destruction, promote sustainable use of resources. Leaders: Rachel Carson, Gaylord Nelson, John Muir. Major Events: Earth Day, Silent Spring publication, Clean Air Act and Water Pollution Control Act.

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Peace Movement

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Goals: Promote peace and nonviolence, end the arms race, prevent nuclear war. Leaders: Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell, Martin Luther King Jr. Major Events: Ban the Bomb marches, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, International Day of Peace.

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Women's Suffrage Movement

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Goals: Secure the right of women to vote. Leaders: Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul. Major Events: Seneca Falls Convention, passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, Silent Sentinels.

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Anti-Vietnam War Movement

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Goals: End U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, expose the war's injustices. Leaders: Students for a Democratic Society, Jane Fonda, Tom Hayden. Major Events: Kent State shootings, Tet Offensive, Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam.

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Gay Rights Movement

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Goals: End discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals, equal rights in society, recognition of same-sex relationships. Leaders: Harvey Milk, Marsha P. Johnson, Gilbert Baker. Major Events: Stonewall Riots, first Gay Pride parades, Lawrence v. Texas.

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Black Power Movement

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Goals: Self-determination for African Americans, racial dignity, economic and political self-sufficiency. Leaders: Stokely Carmichael, Malcolm X, Black Panther Party. Major Events: Black Panther Party founding, Olympic Black Power salute, March Against Fear.

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American Indian Movement

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Goals: Autonomy for Native Americans, preservation of their culture, regain control of ancestral land. Leaders: Russell Means, Dennis Banks, Clyde Bellecourt. Major Events: Occupation of Wounded Knee, Trail of Broken Treaties, Alcatraz Island occupation.

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Anti-Apartheid Movement

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Goals: End racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa, ensure voting rights for all citizens. Leaders: Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, Oliver Tambo. Major Events: Soweto Uprising, Sharpeville Massacre, release of Nelson Mandela.

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Chicano Movement

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Goals: Civil rights for Mexican Americans, education reform, farmworkers' rights. Leaders: Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, Rodolfo 'Corky' Gonzales. Major Events: United Farm Workers strike, Chicano Moratorium, establishment of La Raza Unida Party.

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Disability Rights Movement

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Goals: Secure equal opportunities and rights for people with disabilities. Leaders: Ed Roberts, Judy Heumann, Justin Dart Jr. Major Events: Section 504 Sit-in, Americans with Disabilities Act, Capitol Crawl.

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Labor Movement

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Goals: Improve working conditions, increase wages, secure workers' rights. Leaders: Samuel Gompers, Cesar Chavez, Mother Jones. Major Events: Haymarket Affair, Pullman Strike, formation of AFL-CIO.

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